[HUMAN DEVELOPMENT]
1. Infancy (Birth - 18 months)
Developmental Psychology - Psychosocial Challenge: Trust vs.
- The scientific study of how and why Mistrust
humans change over time - If the child’s caregivers provide
- Birth to death consistent and adequate care and
nurturing, the child develops hope
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Stages and confidence that the world is
- Humans develop through stages reliable
related to erogenous zones (certain - If the child’s caregivers fail to
body parts that would give you provide this, the child develops basic
pleasure) mistrust which may result in
withdrawal, depression, etc.
(0-2) ORAL - oral activities such as feeding,
thumb sucking, babbling 2. Early Childhood (18 months - 3
(2-3) ANAL - learning how to respond to years)
some demands of society such as bowel - Psychosocial Challenge: Autonomy
and bladder control vs. Shame and Doubt
(3-7) PHALLIC - realizing the differences - The child’s caregivers must balance
between males and females and becomes in order to allow the child to develop
aware of sexuality self-control without a loss of self-
(7-11) LATENCY - continues development esteem
but sexual urges are relatively quiet - Resolution results in the child
(11-adult) GENITAL - shakes off old developing will, while too much
dependencies and learns to deal maturely criticism or control can result in
with the opposite sex shame and doubt (loss of self-
esteem)
Oedipus Complex - Establishing autonomy
- At a certain age, you will be more
attached to your parent with the 3. Preschool Play Age (3 - 5 years)
opposite sex - Psychosocial Challenge: Initiative
- Child's feelings of desire for his or vs. Guilt
her opposite-sex parent and - The child learns to become more
jealousy and anger toward his or her assertive and initiates leadership; if
same-sex parent allowed a reasonable amount of
initiative, the child develops purpose
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development - If the child's attempts at initiative are
Stages stifled or treated as a nuisance, s/he
- Stages that healthy developing may develop excessive guilt
individuals go through - Correct balance of initiative and guilt
- “Challenges” at each stage should
be resolved or may emerge as
issues later on in life 4. School Age (5 - 12 years)
, - Psychosocial Challenge: Industry - If individual feels that s/he has not
vs. Inferiority been successful, s/he may feel
- The child is exposed to peer group depressions and hopelessness
and feels the need to win approval
by gaining and taking pride in their Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
accomplishments; if encouraged, 1. Preconventional Level
they develop competence - Obedience and punishment
- If discouraged or restricted, they orientation (how to avoid
may develop inferiority punishment?)
- Self-interest orientation (what’s in it
5. Adolescence (12 - 18 years) for me?)
- Psychosocial Challenge: Identity vs.
Role Confusion 2. Conventional Level
- Individuals expose their identity and - Interpersonal accord and conformity
the roles they will play as adults orientation (living up to society’s
- There is a desire to fit in society; ideals of good)
success leads to fidelity - Authority and social-order
- Role confusion occurs when they maintaining orientation (right and
experience an identity crisis or are wrong are dictated by outside
forced into a role authority)
6. Young Adult (18 - 40 years) 3. Post-conventional Level
- Psychosocial Challenge: Intimacy - Social contract orientation (rules are
vs. Isolation social contract and should be upheld
- Desire to form long-term or changed for the greater good);
relationships rules are absolute but they can be
- Inability to develop long-term bended depending on the context
relationships can lead to feelings of - Universal ethical principles (moral
isolation reasoning based on ethical
principles) + involves imagining what
7. Middle Adulthood (40 - 65 years) they would do in another’s shoes, if
- Psychosocial Challenge: they believed what that other person
Generativity vs. Stagnation imagines to be true; understanding
- Establishing careers and raising why and the importance of the
children successfully leads to care implementation of rules
- Failure to be productive leads to
feelings of stagnation
8. Late Adulthood (65+ years)
- Psychosocial Challenge: Ego
Integrity vs. Despair Social Psychology
- Looking back in life and evaluation if - Scientific study of how affect,
the individual has been productive, behavior, and cognition of humans
s/he develops the virtue of wisdom
1. Infancy (Birth - 18 months)
Developmental Psychology - Psychosocial Challenge: Trust vs.
- The scientific study of how and why Mistrust
humans change over time - If the child’s caregivers provide
- Birth to death consistent and adequate care and
nurturing, the child develops hope
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Stages and confidence that the world is
- Humans develop through stages reliable
related to erogenous zones (certain - If the child’s caregivers fail to
body parts that would give you provide this, the child develops basic
pleasure) mistrust which may result in
withdrawal, depression, etc.
(0-2) ORAL - oral activities such as feeding,
thumb sucking, babbling 2. Early Childhood (18 months - 3
(2-3) ANAL - learning how to respond to years)
some demands of society such as bowel - Psychosocial Challenge: Autonomy
and bladder control vs. Shame and Doubt
(3-7) PHALLIC - realizing the differences - The child’s caregivers must balance
between males and females and becomes in order to allow the child to develop
aware of sexuality self-control without a loss of self-
(7-11) LATENCY - continues development esteem
but sexual urges are relatively quiet - Resolution results in the child
(11-adult) GENITAL - shakes off old developing will, while too much
dependencies and learns to deal maturely criticism or control can result in
with the opposite sex shame and doubt (loss of self-
esteem)
Oedipus Complex - Establishing autonomy
- At a certain age, you will be more
attached to your parent with the 3. Preschool Play Age (3 - 5 years)
opposite sex - Psychosocial Challenge: Initiative
- Child's feelings of desire for his or vs. Guilt
her opposite-sex parent and - The child learns to become more
jealousy and anger toward his or her assertive and initiates leadership; if
same-sex parent allowed a reasonable amount of
initiative, the child develops purpose
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development - If the child's attempts at initiative are
Stages stifled or treated as a nuisance, s/he
- Stages that healthy developing may develop excessive guilt
individuals go through - Correct balance of initiative and guilt
- “Challenges” at each stage should
be resolved or may emerge as
issues later on in life 4. School Age (5 - 12 years)
, - Psychosocial Challenge: Industry - If individual feels that s/he has not
vs. Inferiority been successful, s/he may feel
- The child is exposed to peer group depressions and hopelessness
and feels the need to win approval
by gaining and taking pride in their Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
accomplishments; if encouraged, 1. Preconventional Level
they develop competence - Obedience and punishment
- If discouraged or restricted, they orientation (how to avoid
may develop inferiority punishment?)
- Self-interest orientation (what’s in it
5. Adolescence (12 - 18 years) for me?)
- Psychosocial Challenge: Identity vs.
Role Confusion 2. Conventional Level
- Individuals expose their identity and - Interpersonal accord and conformity
the roles they will play as adults orientation (living up to society’s
- There is a desire to fit in society; ideals of good)
success leads to fidelity - Authority and social-order
- Role confusion occurs when they maintaining orientation (right and
experience an identity crisis or are wrong are dictated by outside
forced into a role authority)
6. Young Adult (18 - 40 years) 3. Post-conventional Level
- Psychosocial Challenge: Intimacy - Social contract orientation (rules are
vs. Isolation social contract and should be upheld
- Desire to form long-term or changed for the greater good);
relationships rules are absolute but they can be
- Inability to develop long-term bended depending on the context
relationships can lead to feelings of - Universal ethical principles (moral
isolation reasoning based on ethical
principles) + involves imagining what
7. Middle Adulthood (40 - 65 years) they would do in another’s shoes, if
- Psychosocial Challenge: they believed what that other person
Generativity vs. Stagnation imagines to be true; understanding
- Establishing careers and raising why and the importance of the
children successfully leads to care implementation of rules
- Failure to be productive leads to
feelings of stagnation
8. Late Adulthood (65+ years)
- Psychosocial Challenge: Ego
Integrity vs. Despair Social Psychology
- Looking back in life and evaluation if - Scientific study of how affect,
the individual has been productive, behavior, and cognition of humans
s/he develops the virtue of wisdom
