Latest and the only guide of BSW3703 ()

,© 2019 University of South Africa

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University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria

BSW3703/1/2020–2022

70732353

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,CONTENTS
page
11. INTRODUCTION 1
2 1.1 Purpose of this module 1
32. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY GUIDE 2
4 2.1 Structure of this study guide 2
5 2.2 Specific learning outcomes and assessment criteria 3
6 2.3 Recommended books 6

LEARNING UNIT 1: COMMUNITY WORK AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Towards reviewing, describing and reviewing community work critically 8
1.3 Community work and community development 10
1.3.1 Community work 10
1.3.2 Community practice 13
1.3.3 Community change 13
1.4 Community development 14
1.4.1 Areas of development 15
1.5 History, definitions and characteristics of community development 17
1.5.1 Social development policies that provide the context for community
development and community work in South Africa 19
1.6 Difference between community work and community development 24
1.7 Case study illustrating development 25
1.8 What is a community? 30
1.9 Types of communities and the nature of a community 32
1.9.1 Demarcation of a community 34
1.9.2 Dimensions of communities 35
1.10 Conclusion 35

LEARNING UNIT 2: COMMUNITY WORK THEORIES, APPROACHES AND MODELS 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 The importance of a theoretical foundation 38
2.3 Approaches and community practice models 39
2.3.1 Approaches 39
2.4 Community practice models 49
2.4.1 Community development model 51
2.4.2 Social planning model 53
2.4.3 Social action 55
2.4.4 Community education 56
2.4.5 Social marketing 57
2.5 Aspects to consider when applying the community practice models
(community toolbox, 2018) 58
2.6 Conclusion 59



iii BSW3703/1/2020-2022

, LEARNING UNIT 3: UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND POVERTY IN COMMUNITIES 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Social problems 61
3.3 Types of social problems 62
3.3.1 Poverty as a social problem 63
3.3.2 Factors that cause poverty 65
3.3.3 Perceptions of poverty 67
3.3.4 Social exclusion 67
3.3.5 Social inequality 68
3.3.6 Social injustice 68
3.3.7 Social cohesion 69
3.4 Conclusion 70

LEARNING UNIT 4: CONTRIBUTORS TO COMMUNITY CHANGE 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Stakeholders or actors in a community 72
4.2.1 Global context 72
4.2.2 Different levels of government 73
4.2.3 Non-governmental organisations and faith-based organisations (civil
society) 75
4.2.4 The private and corporate sectors 77
4.3 Community development environment 79
4.3.1 The physical environment 79
4.3.2 The political environment 80
4.3.3 The social environment 81
4.3.4 The economic and technological environments 82
4.3.5 The cultural environment 83
4.3.6 The psychological environment 84
4.4 The community worker as a community change agent 85
4.4.1 Facilitator 86
4.4.2 Enabler 87
4.4.3 Educator 88
4.4.4 Broker 88
4.4.5 Guide 88
4.4.6 Advisor 89
4.4.7 Advocate 89
4.5 Community action groups/action systems 89
4.5.1 Suitable action groups 90
4.5.2 Consumer/client system 91
4.5.3 Target system 91
4.6 Conclusion 91

LEARNING UNIT 5: ETHICS, VALUES, PRINCIPLES AND FEATURES, COMMUNICATION
SKILLS, TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES OF COMMUNITY WORK 92
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Values and ethics of the community worker 93
5.3 Principles for guiding work with communities 96
5.3.1 Human orientation 96
5.3.2 Participation 98


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