TEAS 7 - Science Section
What is the anatomical position?
A person standing with feet facing forward with their upper limbs by their sides and
palms facing forward
What are the 3 primary body planes?
Saggital/Lateral, Coronal/Frontal, Axial/Transverse
The Saggital Plane
divides the body into a right and left side
The Coronal Plane
divides body into front and back
The Axial Plane
divides the body into upper and lower segments
Medial
Toward the middle of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the center of the body
Distal
Further from the center of the body
Anterior vs. Posterior
Anterior (front), posterior (back)
Cephalic & (adj.) Cranial
Towards the head - "The skull"
Caudad & (adj.) Caudal
Towards the tail/posterior - "hindquarters"
Superior vs. Inferior
Above the head & Below or Closer to the feet
Abdominal Regions of the Body
...
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
What are the two body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
The dorsal cavity contains?
includes the cranial and spinal cavities. (on posterior side of the body)
What is in the cranial and spinal cavities?
The brain (+12 cranial nerves), lined by the meninges and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
& The vertebrae and spinal cord.
The ventral cavity contains
(posterior) thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
What is in the thoracic cavity?
, The lungs, heart, esophagus, and thymus gland.
What is in the abdominalpelvic cavity?
The liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines, and kidneys - The Pelvic
bones encase the internal reproductive organs, bladder, and distal colon.
What is the general function of the respiratory system?
The facilitation of delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body in order for cellular
respiration to occur.
The conductive zone brings inhaled air to
___________________________________
the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.
What happens as oxygen is loaded into the blood?
Carbon dioxide is removed (gas exchange!!!)
What is essential to pulmonary respiration (breathing)?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles which enlarge the the chest cavity
External Respiration
exchange of gases between lungs and blood
internal respiration
exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood
What are the secondary functions of the respiratory?
pH regulation of the blood, thermoregulation, odor detection, and speech production.
Describe the process of gas exchange?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli/ alveolus. The alveolus receive air from the alveolar
ducts. The alveolus are surrounded by capillaries, which allow for gas exchange
between the tissue of the lungs and the blood. O2 enters the blood stream and CO2
exits.
How is the respiratory system involved in thermoregulation?
Capillaries within the respiratory tract, particularly the nasal passages, and trachea can
constrict to conserve heat and dilate to release heat. (also exhalation of
warm/moistened air can cool down the body)
How does the respiratory system protect you from disease?
Particulate Matter: Particles are filtered by the nostril hair while others get caught in
mucus. Lysozymes within mucus can help break down trapped disease, then cilia
sweep it away. IgA that is produced in the mucosal lining also contains antibodies that
aid in immune defense (by neutralizing pathogens). Mast cells increase blood flow and
alert the body of a threat. Macrophages also engulf small cells and particles to protect
the lungs.
What is Boyle's Law?
The pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. As pressure goes up
volume goes down and vice versa.
Inspiration (negative pressure breathing)
breathing in; Air enters the lungs because the muscles contract and expand the thoracic
cavity. (volume increases > pressure decreases)
Expiration
breathing out; Air leaves the lungs because the muscles relax and decrease the volume
of the thoracic cavity. (pressure increases > volume decreases)
what are the functions of the circulatory system?
What is the anatomical position?
A person standing with feet facing forward with their upper limbs by their sides and
palms facing forward
What are the 3 primary body planes?
Saggital/Lateral, Coronal/Frontal, Axial/Transverse
The Saggital Plane
divides the body into a right and left side
The Coronal Plane
divides body into front and back
The Axial Plane
divides the body into upper and lower segments
Medial
Toward the middle of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the center of the body
Distal
Further from the center of the body
Anterior vs. Posterior
Anterior (front), posterior (back)
Cephalic & (adj.) Cranial
Towards the head - "The skull"
Caudad & (adj.) Caudal
Towards the tail/posterior - "hindquarters"
Superior vs. Inferior
Above the head & Below or Closer to the feet
Abdominal Regions of the Body
...
What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
What are the two body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
The dorsal cavity contains?
includes the cranial and spinal cavities. (on posterior side of the body)
What is in the cranial and spinal cavities?
The brain (+12 cranial nerves), lined by the meninges and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
& The vertebrae and spinal cord.
The ventral cavity contains
(posterior) thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
What is in the thoracic cavity?
, The lungs, heart, esophagus, and thymus gland.
What is in the abdominalpelvic cavity?
The liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines, and kidneys - The Pelvic
bones encase the internal reproductive organs, bladder, and distal colon.
What is the general function of the respiratory system?
The facilitation of delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body in order for cellular
respiration to occur.
The conductive zone brings inhaled air to
___________________________________
the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.
What happens as oxygen is loaded into the blood?
Carbon dioxide is removed (gas exchange!!!)
What is essential to pulmonary respiration (breathing)?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles which enlarge the the chest cavity
External Respiration
exchange of gases between lungs and blood
internal respiration
exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood
What are the secondary functions of the respiratory?
pH regulation of the blood, thermoregulation, odor detection, and speech production.
Describe the process of gas exchange?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli/ alveolus. The alveolus receive air from the alveolar
ducts. The alveolus are surrounded by capillaries, which allow for gas exchange
between the tissue of the lungs and the blood. O2 enters the blood stream and CO2
exits.
How is the respiratory system involved in thermoregulation?
Capillaries within the respiratory tract, particularly the nasal passages, and trachea can
constrict to conserve heat and dilate to release heat. (also exhalation of
warm/moistened air can cool down the body)
How does the respiratory system protect you from disease?
Particulate Matter: Particles are filtered by the nostril hair while others get caught in
mucus. Lysozymes within mucus can help break down trapped disease, then cilia
sweep it away. IgA that is produced in the mucosal lining also contains antibodies that
aid in immune defense (by neutralizing pathogens). Mast cells increase blood flow and
alert the body of a threat. Macrophages also engulf small cells and particles to protect
the lungs.
What is Boyle's Law?
The pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. As pressure goes up
volume goes down and vice versa.
Inspiration (negative pressure breathing)
breathing in; Air enters the lungs because the muscles contract and expand the thoracic
cavity. (volume increases > pressure decreases)
Expiration
breathing out; Air leaves the lungs because the muscles relax and decrease the volume
of the thoracic cavity. (pressure increases > volume decreases)
what are the functions of the circulatory system?
