WGU C785 FINAL EXAM QUIZ
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SmartPrep Examinations
Since 2010
, lOM oA R c P S D| 22 83 079 2
1. What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?: -
amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C),
and variable group
2. How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hy-
drophobic, polar, and charged?: Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't
have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
3. what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains
make?: ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
4. What are the 4 levels of protein structure?: Primary - linear structure, Sec-
ondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary -
3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains
combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
5. What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?: hydrophobic - tem-
perature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in
pH, disulfide - reducing agents
6. what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?: hy-
drophobic bonds
7. how do environmental changes affect protein folding?: Extreme temp can
cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
8. how do mutations affect protein structure?: Can cause structure to change.
Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
9. What is an electron?: Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
10. What is energy:: Power derived fro chemical interaction
11. what are covalent bonds?: chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
12. what is an ionic bond?: bond between positive and negative
13. what is a hydrogen bond?: weak bond between positive and negative
14. with an amino?: piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
15. what is a carboyxl?: piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
16. What is hydrophobic?: Doesn't like water, end with CH
17. what is hydrophilic?: Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
18. what is disulfide bond?: strongest bond between reduction agents, formed
between SH's.
, lOM oA R c P S D| 22 83 079 2
19. what are zwitterions?: amino with positive and negative charges = overall
charge of zero
20. what is a polypeptide: polymer of amino acids
21. What is dehydration synthesis?: Process of forming peptide bonds
22. what is hydrolysis?: adding water to destroy bonds
23. what is an alpha helix?: twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen
bonds
24. what is a beta sheet?: folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen
bonds
25. what is denaturation?: loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds;
occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
26. what is aggregation?: clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by
misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
27. how do enzymes catalyze reactions?: bind with substrates to decrease
activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
28. how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?: decrease
activation energy and decrease reaction rate
29. what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?: enzyme recognizes sub-
strate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; en-
zyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
30. how do environmental changes affect enzymes?: High heat, pH change,
high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its
form/lose function
31. what is a competitive inhibitor?: Mimics substrate and takes its place on the
active binding site
32. what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?: Binds to allosteric site causing active
site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme
33. what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor?
A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2
is inhibited.: Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C.
Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
34. what is substrate?: the substance on which an enzyme acts
35. what is a product?: result of a reaction
GRADED A+ 100% VERIFIED
AND APPROVED
SmartPrep Examinations
Since 2010
, lOM oA R c P S D| 22 83 079 2
1. What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?: -
amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C),
and variable group
2. How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hy-
drophobic, polar, and charged?: Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't
have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
3. what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains
make?: ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
4. What are the 4 levels of protein structure?: Primary - linear structure, Sec-
ondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary -
3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains
combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
5. What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?: hydrophobic - tem-
perature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in
pH, disulfide - reducing agents
6. what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?: hy-
drophobic bonds
7. how do environmental changes affect protein folding?: Extreme temp can
cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
8. how do mutations affect protein structure?: Can cause structure to change.
Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
9. What is an electron?: Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
10. What is energy:: Power derived fro chemical interaction
11. what are covalent bonds?: chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
12. what is an ionic bond?: bond between positive and negative
13. what is a hydrogen bond?: weak bond between positive and negative
14. with an amino?: piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
15. what is a carboyxl?: piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
16. What is hydrophobic?: Doesn't like water, end with CH
17. what is hydrophilic?: Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
18. what is disulfide bond?: strongest bond between reduction agents, formed
between SH's.
, lOM oA R c P S D| 22 83 079 2
19. what are zwitterions?: amino with positive and negative charges = overall
charge of zero
20. what is a polypeptide: polymer of amino acids
21. What is dehydration synthesis?: Process of forming peptide bonds
22. what is hydrolysis?: adding water to destroy bonds
23. what is an alpha helix?: twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen
bonds
24. what is a beta sheet?: folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen
bonds
25. what is denaturation?: loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds;
occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
26. what is aggregation?: clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by
misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
27. how do enzymes catalyze reactions?: bind with substrates to decrease
activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
28. how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?: decrease
activation energy and decrease reaction rate
29. what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?: enzyme recognizes sub-
strate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; en-
zyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled
30. how do environmental changes affect enzymes?: High heat, pH change,
high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its
form/lose function
31. what is a competitive inhibitor?: Mimics substrate and takes its place on the
active binding site
32. what is a noncompetitive inhibitor?: Binds to allosteric site causing active
site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme
33. what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor?
A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2
is inhibited.: Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C.
Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
34. what is substrate?: the substance on which an enzyme acts
35. what is a product?: result of a reaction
