MCAT | UCATMCAT Lecture Workbook

Physics 1................................................................... 23 Important Units .......................................................... 23 Prefixes ................................................................. 23 Trigonometry ............................................................. 23 Vectors and Scalars ...................................................... 24 Translational Motion ..................................................... 24 Constant Acceleration Cases ............................................ 25 Forces ................................................................... 26 Newton’s Laws .......................................................... 26 Weight ................................................................. 26 Normal Force ........................................................... 26 Friction ............................................................... 27 Gravitational Force .................................................... 27 Centripetal Force ...................................................... 27 Equilibrium .............................................................. 27 Energy, Work, Power, and Momentum ........................................ 28 Energy ................................................................. 28 Temperature ............................................................ 28 Heat ................................................................... 28 Work ..................................................................... 29 Pressure ............................................................... 29 Conservation of Energy (and Work) ...................................... 29 Thermodynamics ......................................................... 30 Power .................................................................. 30 Momentum ............................................................... 30 Light and Optics ......................................................... 31 Electromagnetic Radiation .............................................. 31 Reflection (Mirrors) ................................................... 31 Refraction (Lenses) .................................................... 33 General Chemistry 1......................................................... 39 Atomic Structure ......................................................... 39 Bohr Model ............................................................... 39 Quantum Numbers .......................................................... 39 Magnetism ................................................................ 40 Periodic Table ........................................................... 40 Bonding and Interactions ................................................. 41 Lewis Structures ....................................................... 41 Formal Charge .......................................................... 41 Resonance .............................................................. 41 Ionic Bonds ............................................................ 41 Covalent Bonds ......................................................... 41 Intermolecular Forces .................................................. 42 Geometry of Covalent Molecules ........................................... 43 Compounds and Stoichiometry .............................................. 44 Percent Composition .................................................... 44 Percent Yield .......................................................... 44 Limiting Reagent ....................................................... 44 Reaction Types ......................................................... 44 Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium ........................................ 45 Kinetics ............................................................... 45 Reaction Order ......................................................... 46 Reaction Theory ........................................................ 46 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction ..................................... 47 Equilibrium Constant (Keq) Points ....................................... 47 LeChatelier’s Principle .................................................. 47 Organic Chemistry 1......................................................... 51 Isomerism and Stereochemistry ............................................ 51 Bonding .................................................................. 52 Cycloalkanes ............................................................. 53 Alkanes .................................................................. 53 Substitutions ............................................................ 54 SN1 Reactions .......................................................... 55 SN2 Reactions .......................................................... 55 Alkenes .................................................................. 56 Eliminations ............................................................. 58 E1 Reactions ........................................................... 58 E2 Reactions ........................................................... 58 Alkynes .................................................................. 59 Aromatics ................................................................ 60 Alcohols ................................................................. 61 Ethers ................................................................... 62 Biology 1................................................................... 67 Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes ................................................ 67 Cell Membrane ............................................................ 67 Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell ......................................... 67 Movement across a Membrane ............................................. 68 Viruses .................................................................. 68 Genetic Variation in Bacteria ............................................ 69 Molecular Genetics ....................................................... 69 DNA Replication ........................................................ 70 RNA .................................................................... 71 Transcription .......................................................... 71 Translation ............................................................ 72 Mutations .............................................................. 73 Enzymes .................................................................. 73 Enzyme Kinetics ........................................................ 74 Enzyme Regulation ...................................................... 75 Metabolism ............................................................... 75 Glycolysis ............................................................... 77 Reproduction ............................................................. 78 Asexual Reproduction ................................................... 79 Sexual Reproduction .................................................... 79 Gametogenesis .......................................................... 81 Embryology ............................................................... 82 Fetal Circulation ........................................................ 83 Physics 2................................................................... 87 Electrostatics ........................................................... 87 Coulomb’s Law .......................................................... 87 Electric Field ......................................................... 87 Electric Potential ..................................................... 87 Electric PE ............................................................ 88 Electric Dipoles ....................................................... 88 Electromagnetism ......................................................... 88 Conventions for Magnetic Field Direction ............................... 88 Current .................................................................. 89 Special Case: Wires with Current ...................................... 89 Three types of Magnetism ................................................. 89 Wires with Current that Generate Magnetic Fields ......................... 89 Straight Wires ......................................................... 89 Circular Wires ......................................................... 90 Resistors and Capacitors ................................................. 90 Ohm’s Law .............................................................. 90 Power in Resistors ..................................................... 90 Kirchoff’s Laws ........................................................ 90 Resistors .............................................................. 91 Capacitors ............................................................. 91 Alternating Current ...................................................... 92 Waves .................................................................... 93 Standing Waves: Strings vs Pipes ...................................... 93 Resonance ................................................................ 94 Sound .................................................................... 94 Doppler Effect ......................................................... 95 Simple Harmonic Motion ................................................... 95 Hooke’s Law and Springs ................................................ 95 Pendulum ............................................................... 95 Nuclear Physics .......................................................... 96 Radiation .............................................................. 96 Photoelectric Effect ................................................... 96 Nuclear Reactions and Decay ............................................ 96 Radioactive Decay Modes ................................................ 96 General Chemistry 2........................................................ 101 Thermochemistry ......................................................... 101 State Functions ......................................................... 101 Enthalpy .............................................................. 102 Entropy ............................................................... 103 Gibbs Free Energy ..................................................... 103 The Gas Phase ........................................................... 104 Boyle’s Law ........................................................... 104 Charles’ Law .......................................................... 104 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases ..................................... 106 Solutions ............................................................... 107 Units of Concentration ................................................ 107 Dilutions ............................................................. 108 Solution Chemistry .................................................... 108 Common Ion Effect ..................................................... 109 Selective Precipitation ............................................... 109 Aqueous Solubility .................................................... 109 Acids and Bases ......................................................... 110 Acid and Base Types ................................................... 110 Strong Acids and Bases ................................................ 110 Weak Acids and Bases .................................................. 110 Neutralization Reactions .............................................. 111 Titrations ............................................................ 111 Electrochemistry ........................................................ 112 Balancing Redox Reactions ............................................. 112 Galvanic Cells ........................................................ 112 Electrolytic Cell ..................................................... 113 Useful Electrolytic Cell Equations .................................... 113 Reduction Potential ................................................... 114 Thermodynamics ........................................................ 114 Biology 2.................................................................. 119 Nervous System .......................................................... 119 Musculoskeletal System .................................................. 123 Cartilage ............................................................. 123 Bone .................................................................. 123 Skeletal Muscle ....................................................... 123 Cardiac Muscle ........................................................ 123 Smooth Muscle ......................................................... 123 Circulation ............................................................. 124 Blood Content ......................................................... 125 Bohr Effect ........................................................... 126 Clotting .............................................................. 127 Humoral Immunity ...................................................... 128 Cell Mediated Immunity ................................................ 129 Respiration ............................................................. 129 Kidney and Liver ........................................................ 130 Endocrine System ........................................................ 131 Organic Chemistry 2........................................................ 139 Separation and Identification ........................................... 139 Key Separation Techniques ............................................. 139 Key Identification Techniques ......................................... 140 Aldehydes and Ketones ................................................... 142 Carboxylic Acids ........................................................ 144 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives ............................................. 145 Amides ................................................................ 146 Esters ................................................................ 146 Acyl Halides .......................................................... 147 Anhydrides ............................................................ 148 Amines, Amino Acids, and Proteins ....................................... 148 Amines ................................................................ 148 Amino Acids ........................................................... 149 Peptides .............................................................. 150 Proteins ................................................................ 151 Carbohydrates ........................................................... 151 Biology 3.................................................................. 157 Digestion ............................................................... 157 Genetics ................................................................ 160 Mendel’s First Law: Law of Segregation ................................ 160 Mendel’s Second Law: Law of Independent Assortment .................... 160 Inheritance Theory .................................................... 161 Evolutionary Genetics ................................................. 163 Chemistry and Physics 3.................................................... 169 Phases .................................................................. 169 Colligative Properties .................................................. 169 Fluids and Solids ....................................................... 169 Hydrostatics ............................................................ 170 Pascal’s Principle .................................................... 170 Archimedes’ Principle ................................................. 170 Hydrodynamics ........................................................... 170 Continuity Equation ................................................... 170 Bernoulli’s Equation .................................................. 170 Fluid Flow ............................................................ 171 Elastic Moduli for Solids ............................................... 171 Behavioral Sciences........................................................ 174 Learning ................................................................ 174 Memory .................................................................. 174 Cognition ............................................................... 175 Sleep ................................................................... 175 Drugs and Consciousness ................................................. 175 Language ................................................................ 176 Identity Formation ...................................................... 176 Mental Illness .......................................................... 177 Personality Disorders ................................................... 178 Nervous System Disorders ................................................ 178 Epidemiology and Disparities in Health .................................. 178 Approach to Behavioral Sciences ......................................... 178 Math Review................................................................ 181 Numbers ................................................................. 181 Order of Operations ..................................................... 181 Basic Mathematical Laws ................................................. 181 Scientific Notation ..................................................... 181 Exponents ............................................................... 182 Logarithms .............................................................. 182 Radicals ................................................................ 182 Algebra ................................................................. 182 Linear Equations ...................................................... 183 Quadratic Equations ................................................... 183 Simultaneous Equations .................................................. 183 Cartesian Systems ....................................................... 184 Lines ................................................................... 184 Inequalities ............................................................ 184 Absolute Value .......................................................... 185 Probability ............................................................. 186 Counting ................................................................ 186 Statistics .............................................................. 187 Experimental Design........................................................ 188 Scientific Method ....................................................... 188 Hypothesis Testing ...................................................... 188 FINER Method ............................................................ 188 Important Research Terms ................................................ 188 Data Representation ..................................................... 188