Biological Approach
● All thoughts, feelings & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
● Looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis
Canli et. al (2000)
A brain-scanning study looking at the links between the amygdala and memory for
emotional experience
Aim:
● To show that emotive images will be remembered better than those that have a
little emotional impact on an individual
● To find out if the level of emotional intensity enhances memory for the stimuli
● To find out if the amygdala is sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity
from external stimuli
● To find out what degree of emotional intensity affects the role of the amygdala in
enhancing the memory of emotional stimuli
Dependent Variables
● Level of activation in the human amygdala during the first stage of the
experiment when the participants were exposed to each of the 96 scenes (the
effect that this arousal level had on the memory of each picture)
○ During functional scanning, 11 frames were captured per trial
■ For each of the 96 scenes there were 11 fMRI measures of neural
activity
● Later memory (3 weeks after)
Independent Variables
● Level of arousal of each picture shown to the participants (0-3 scale)
Research method
● Laboratory experiment
○ fMRI scanner was needed which is big and heavy, therefore the study was
conducted in a laboratory
○ The environment where the participants were tested was not similar to an
everyday situation
, ● Repeated measures design
○ Participants contributed to each of the 4 conditions of rating, and also was
unexpectedly asked to repeat the procedure again three weeks after
Sample
● 10 right-handed healthy female volunteers
○ Why Right-handed? bcuz Left brain activated
○ Why Female? bcuz More likely to report intense emotional experience &
show more psychological reactions
Procedure
● Participants were lying inside a 1.5 Tesla fMRI scanner
○ Everyone had given informed consent & were informed about the aim
● Participants viewed a series of 96 scenes that were presented via an overhead
projector and mirror allow them to view inside the fMRI comfortably
● All 96 pictures were randomly ordered and were from the “International Affective
Picture System” stimuli set, with average ratings for valence ranged from 1.17
(high arousal) to 5.44 (neutral)
● Images were presented for 2.88 seconds each
● An interval of 12.96 seconds showing a fixation cross
● After the replacement with a fixation cross, they were to indicate their emotional
arousal by pressing a button with their right hand
○ Had to choose between 4 buttons, emotional arousal scale from 0 (“not
emotionally intensive at all”) to 3 (“extremely emotionally intensive ”)
● While the participants are laying in the scanner, the fMRI machine collected
information about the brain activity (using contrast imaging method
○ To measure blood-oxygen level-dependent contrast
● 3 weeks after, participants were tested in an unexpected recognition test in the
lab
○ Where they viewed all 96 images with additional 48 foils
■ Were asked to judge if the pictures were forgotten, remembered
with certainty, or familiar
● All thoughts, feelings & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
● Looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis
Canli et. al (2000)
A brain-scanning study looking at the links between the amygdala and memory for
emotional experience
Aim:
● To show that emotive images will be remembered better than those that have a
little emotional impact on an individual
● To find out if the level of emotional intensity enhances memory for the stimuli
● To find out if the amygdala is sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity
from external stimuli
● To find out what degree of emotional intensity affects the role of the amygdala in
enhancing the memory of emotional stimuli
Dependent Variables
● Level of activation in the human amygdala during the first stage of the
experiment when the participants were exposed to each of the 96 scenes (the
effect that this arousal level had on the memory of each picture)
○ During functional scanning, 11 frames were captured per trial
■ For each of the 96 scenes there were 11 fMRI measures of neural
activity
● Later memory (3 weeks after)
Independent Variables
● Level of arousal of each picture shown to the participants (0-3 scale)
Research method
● Laboratory experiment
○ fMRI scanner was needed which is big and heavy, therefore the study was
conducted in a laboratory
○ The environment where the participants were tested was not similar to an
everyday situation
, ● Repeated measures design
○ Participants contributed to each of the 4 conditions of rating, and also was
unexpectedly asked to repeat the procedure again three weeks after
Sample
● 10 right-handed healthy female volunteers
○ Why Right-handed? bcuz Left brain activated
○ Why Female? bcuz More likely to report intense emotional experience &
show more psychological reactions
Procedure
● Participants were lying inside a 1.5 Tesla fMRI scanner
○ Everyone had given informed consent & were informed about the aim
● Participants viewed a series of 96 scenes that were presented via an overhead
projector and mirror allow them to view inside the fMRI comfortably
● All 96 pictures were randomly ordered and were from the “International Affective
Picture System” stimuli set, with average ratings for valence ranged from 1.17
(high arousal) to 5.44 (neutral)
● Images were presented for 2.88 seconds each
● An interval of 12.96 seconds showing a fixation cross
● After the replacement with a fixation cross, they were to indicate their emotional
arousal by pressing a button with their right hand
○ Had to choose between 4 buttons, emotional arousal scale from 0 (“not
emotionally intensive at all”) to 3 (“extremely emotionally intensive ”)
● While the participants are laying in the scanner, the fMRI machine collected
information about the brain activity (using contrast imaging method
○ To measure blood-oxygen level-dependent contrast
● 3 weeks after, participants were tested in an unexpected recognition test in the
lab
○ Where they viewed all 96 images with additional 48 foils
■ Were asked to judge if the pictures were forgotten, remembered
with certainty, or familiar
