February/March 2018 2
Answer all questions.
1 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
(a) Name the technique used to measure brain activity.
EEG
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Identify one reason for using this technique to measure brain activity.
to identify when a person was in REM / nREM sleep (which stage of sleep)
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Outline one of the dreams reported when vertical eye movement was recorded.
climbing a set of ladders, looking up and down as they did
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
2 The study by Bandura et al. (aggression) used a sample of children.
(a) Identify two features of this sample.
72 participants
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
36 male 36 female
2 ................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Outline one way in which this study has real world application for adults.
...................................................................................................................................................
as the study showed that aggression can be observed and imitated
...................................................................................................................................................
- tv might want to either censor the content of tv programes
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18
, 3
3 From the Pepperberg study (parrot learning):
(a) Describe one result of the test on Alex the parrot which used familiar objects. You should
include numerical data in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
alex's score was 69.7% on first-trial-only
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe one conclusion from this study.
...................................................................................................................................................
an african grey parrot, showed symbolic cognitive ability of the concept of same n different
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
4 Two ethical guidelines are debriefing and informed consent.
Suggest how ethical issues raised in the Piliavin et al. study (subway Samaritans) relate to these
two ethical guidelines.
debriefing .........................................................................................................................................
as the participants did not know they had taken part in a study, this was difficult
..........................................................................................................................................................
therefore, participants could not have the full aims of the study explained to them, so psychological harm
may have happened
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
informed consent ..............................................................................................................................
none of the participants knew that a study was about to take place so this could not happen
..........................................................................................................................................................
- therefore, they could not give their permission to take part in it and be exposed to a potentially
threatening situation
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18 [Turn over
, 4
5 The study by Laney et al. is about false memories.
(a) Describe what is meant by ‘false memories’.
...................................................................................................................................................
ppl's memory of events in their own lives can be incorrect
...................................................................................................................................................
- false details about real events or entirely false events can be added to a person's memory storage
...................................................................................................................................................
system
- from all of the stored information, ppl can reconstruct memories for events
...................................................................................................................................................
- as a result of this, ppl form "new" memories that contain information that is not correct
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Outline how one result from this study supports the existence of false memories.
...................................................................................................................................................
for the food preferences questionnaires, believers reported liking asparagus significantly more than
the control group
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18
, 5
6 From the Canli et al. study (brain scans and emotions):
(a) Describe the procedure of this study from the point when the participants returned three
weeks after the fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery) scans had taken place.
...................................................................................................................................................
the participants were given an unexpected recognition test
...................................................................................................................................................
- they viewed all previous 96 scenes
-...................................................................................................................................................
and they viewed 48 foils tgt
- during the recognition test, participants were asked if they had seen the picture before
...................................................................................................................................................
- if they said yes they had to state "rmb" if they were certain that they had seen it
"know"-less confident
...................................................................................................................................................
"no"
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Explain one reason why the procedure was standardised in this study.
...................................................................................................................................................
it would allow the study to be more easily replicated
-...................................................................................................................................................
therefore, it could be tested for reliability
eg. knowing how long the picture was presented, means exact replication is possible
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18 [Turn over
Answer all questions.
1 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
(a) Name the technique used to measure brain activity.
EEG
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Identify one reason for using this technique to measure brain activity.
to identify when a person was in REM / nREM sleep (which stage of sleep)
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Outline one of the dreams reported when vertical eye movement was recorded.
climbing a set of ladders, looking up and down as they did
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
2 The study by Bandura et al. (aggression) used a sample of children.
(a) Identify two features of this sample.
72 participants
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
36 male 36 female
2 ................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Outline one way in which this study has real world application for adults.
...................................................................................................................................................
as the study showed that aggression can be observed and imitated
...................................................................................................................................................
- tv might want to either censor the content of tv programes
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18
, 3
3 From the Pepperberg study (parrot learning):
(a) Describe one result of the test on Alex the parrot which used familiar objects. You should
include numerical data in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
alex's score was 69.7% on first-trial-only
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe one conclusion from this study.
...................................................................................................................................................
an african grey parrot, showed symbolic cognitive ability of the concept of same n different
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
4 Two ethical guidelines are debriefing and informed consent.
Suggest how ethical issues raised in the Piliavin et al. study (subway Samaritans) relate to these
two ethical guidelines.
debriefing .........................................................................................................................................
as the participants did not know they had taken part in a study, this was difficult
..........................................................................................................................................................
therefore, participants could not have the full aims of the study explained to them, so psychological harm
may have happened
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
informed consent ..............................................................................................................................
none of the participants knew that a study was about to take place so this could not happen
..........................................................................................................................................................
- therefore, they could not give their permission to take part in it and be exposed to a potentially
threatening situation
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18 [Turn over
, 4
5 The study by Laney et al. is about false memories.
(a) Describe what is meant by ‘false memories’.
...................................................................................................................................................
ppl's memory of events in their own lives can be incorrect
...................................................................................................................................................
- false details about real events or entirely false events can be added to a person's memory storage
...................................................................................................................................................
system
- from all of the stored information, ppl can reconstruct memories for events
...................................................................................................................................................
- as a result of this, ppl form "new" memories that contain information that is not correct
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Outline how one result from this study supports the existence of false memories.
...................................................................................................................................................
for the food preferences questionnaires, believers reported liking asparagus significantly more than
the control group
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18
, 5
6 From the Canli et al. study (brain scans and emotions):
(a) Describe the procedure of this study from the point when the participants returned three
weeks after the fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery) scans had taken place.
...................................................................................................................................................
the participants were given an unexpected recognition test
...................................................................................................................................................
- they viewed all previous 96 scenes
-...................................................................................................................................................
and they viewed 48 foils tgt
- during the recognition test, participants were asked if they had seen the picture before
...................................................................................................................................................
- if they said yes they had to state "rmb" if they were certain that they had seen it
"know"-less confident
...................................................................................................................................................
"no"
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Explain one reason why the procedure was standardised in this study.
...................................................................................................................................................
it would allow the study to be more easily replicated
-...................................................................................................................................................
therefore, it could be tested for reliability
eg. knowing how long the picture was presented, means exact replication is possible
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2018 9990/12/F/M/18 [Turn over
