HNH10806 – Macronutrients, Energy
& Health
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1
Week 2 .................................................................................................................................. 4
Week 3 .................................................................................................................................10
Week 4 .................................................................................................................................17
Week 4 .................................................................................................................................20
Week 1
Study design
Reliability (increase)
1. Ecological
2. Cross – sectional
3. Case control
4. Cohort
5. Intervention (in humans)
,Alimentary tract
1. Digestion
a. Physical
• Geen chemische verandering
• Groter contact oppervlak voor afbraak dmv enzymen
o Betere chemische vertering
• Mastification in mond
• Churning in maag
b. Chemical
• Chemische verandering
• Enzymen (-ase)
o Productie en gebruik enzymen specifiek per
orgaan
o Enzym specifieke afbraak macronutriënten
o Katalyseert afbreekreactie
2. Absorption
Endocrine: werkt in lichaam
Exocrine: werkt in buitenlichaam (verdelingsstelsel)
Mouth
• Digestion of carbohydrates
• Chemical digestion: saliva (amylase)
• Mechanical digestion: chewing
Esophagus (slokdarm)
• Esophageal sphincter: closes esophagus when no swallowing
• Lower esophageal sphincter: closes stomach to prevent food
coming up
• Epiglottis: closes nasal cavity and larynx (strottenklep)
• Peristalsis
Stomach
• Volume normally 50 mL, can expend to 1 L
• Stomach wall produces HCl (parietal cells)
• Pyloric sphincter closes stomach → duodenum
• Cells in stomach:
o Chief cells: pepsinogen
o Parietal cells: HCl
o Goblet cells: mucus
o Endocrine-paracrine cells: hormones (ghrelin, gastrin)
▪ D cells: somatostatin (inhibits acid secretion)
▪ G cells: gastrin (stimulates acid secretion
Small intestine
1. Duodenum: start digestion
2. Jejunum: mostly digestion
3. Ileum: mostly absorption
Duodenum (twaalfvingerige darm)
• Digestion from liver
▪ Bile: emulsifier: phospholipids, cholesterol and bile acids
, • Digestion from pancreas
▪ Enzymes: lipase, amylase, protease
▪ Bicarbonate
• Hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin
▪ Regulates passing of food through stomach
▪ Stimulates pancreas releasing bicarbonate and enzymes
Jejunum (nuchtere darm)
• Prepares nutrients for absorption
Ileum (kronkeldarm)
• Nutrient absorption
Intestinal wall
• Folds: big surface (voetbalveld oppervlakte)
• Villi: intestinal villi (around blood vessels and lymph vessels)
▪ Blood vessels: glucose and amino acids → portal vein (water-soluble nutrients)
▪ Lymph vessels: fat → thoracic canal → main lymphatic vessel (parallel to aorta)
• Microvilli: absorptive cells, digestion enzymes stuck in microvilli
• Crypt: notch in between villi: more surface
• Cells intestinal wall:
o Enterocytes
▪ Production digestive enzymes
▪ Nutrients absorption
o Goblet cells: mucus production
o Paneth cells: anti-bacterial lysosome production
Colon (dikke darm)
• Water absorption
• Wall covered with gut microbiota → fermentation fibres
• Removing waste
Regulation hormones
• Gastrin: gastric acid production
• Secretin: secretion bicarbonate (pancreas)
• Incretin: secretion insulin
• Cholecystokinin: gives saturated feeling
& Health
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1
Week 2 .................................................................................................................................. 4
Week 3 .................................................................................................................................10
Week 4 .................................................................................................................................17
Week 4 .................................................................................................................................20
Week 1
Study design
Reliability (increase)
1. Ecological
2. Cross – sectional
3. Case control
4. Cohort
5. Intervention (in humans)
,Alimentary tract
1. Digestion
a. Physical
• Geen chemische verandering
• Groter contact oppervlak voor afbraak dmv enzymen
o Betere chemische vertering
• Mastification in mond
• Churning in maag
b. Chemical
• Chemische verandering
• Enzymen (-ase)
o Productie en gebruik enzymen specifiek per
orgaan
o Enzym specifieke afbraak macronutriënten
o Katalyseert afbreekreactie
2. Absorption
Endocrine: werkt in lichaam
Exocrine: werkt in buitenlichaam (verdelingsstelsel)
Mouth
• Digestion of carbohydrates
• Chemical digestion: saliva (amylase)
• Mechanical digestion: chewing
Esophagus (slokdarm)
• Esophageal sphincter: closes esophagus when no swallowing
• Lower esophageal sphincter: closes stomach to prevent food
coming up
• Epiglottis: closes nasal cavity and larynx (strottenklep)
• Peristalsis
Stomach
• Volume normally 50 mL, can expend to 1 L
• Stomach wall produces HCl (parietal cells)
• Pyloric sphincter closes stomach → duodenum
• Cells in stomach:
o Chief cells: pepsinogen
o Parietal cells: HCl
o Goblet cells: mucus
o Endocrine-paracrine cells: hormones (ghrelin, gastrin)
▪ D cells: somatostatin (inhibits acid secretion)
▪ G cells: gastrin (stimulates acid secretion
Small intestine
1. Duodenum: start digestion
2. Jejunum: mostly digestion
3. Ileum: mostly absorption
Duodenum (twaalfvingerige darm)
• Digestion from liver
▪ Bile: emulsifier: phospholipids, cholesterol and bile acids
, • Digestion from pancreas
▪ Enzymes: lipase, amylase, protease
▪ Bicarbonate
• Hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin
▪ Regulates passing of food through stomach
▪ Stimulates pancreas releasing bicarbonate and enzymes
Jejunum (nuchtere darm)
• Prepares nutrients for absorption
Ileum (kronkeldarm)
• Nutrient absorption
Intestinal wall
• Folds: big surface (voetbalveld oppervlakte)
• Villi: intestinal villi (around blood vessels and lymph vessels)
▪ Blood vessels: glucose and amino acids → portal vein (water-soluble nutrients)
▪ Lymph vessels: fat → thoracic canal → main lymphatic vessel (parallel to aorta)
• Microvilli: absorptive cells, digestion enzymes stuck in microvilli
• Crypt: notch in between villi: more surface
• Cells intestinal wall:
o Enterocytes
▪ Production digestive enzymes
▪ Nutrients absorption
o Goblet cells: mucus production
o Paneth cells: anti-bacterial lysosome production
Colon (dikke darm)
• Water absorption
• Wall covered with gut microbiota → fermentation fibres
• Removing waste
Regulation hormones
• Gastrin: gastric acid production
• Secretin: secretion bicarbonate (pancreas)
• Incretin: secretion insulin
• Cholecystokinin: gives saturated feeling
