Theme 1: Introduction to
Microbiology
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi,
protozoa, and algae.
It plays a significant role in the field of medicine as many diseases are caused by these
microorganisms.
Microbiology helps in understanding the cause of infectious diseases, how they spread,
and how they can be controlled or treated.
Infection may be caused
1. Prions
2. Plasmids &
3. Viruses(RNA & DNA) - non living
4. Bacteria - may live independently or in a host.
5. Fungus
6. Protozoa
7. Insects/ Rodents
HISTONE BODIES AND DNA
PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Unicellular Most are Multicellular with exception to fungus
Lack true nucleus (bounded by
membrane). Have a true nucleus. nucleotide
Nucleotide is present
, No membrane bound organelles membrane bound organelles
Reproduction is both sexual and asexual Reproduction is sexual
Cell division is by binary fusion cell division is mitosis and meiosis
Circular DNA Linear DNA because of histone bodies
single haploid chromosomes Paired diploid Chromosomes 2n
Angular formed chromosomes Linear chromosomes with histone bodies
Exon (where the translation of the gene starts
only exons is present
)and intron are the parts of the dna
Ribosomes are free Ribosome are either attached or free
Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal
subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each large subunit (60S) according to their
consisting of a small (30S) and a large sedimentation coefficients. Both subunits
(50S) subunit contain dozens of ribosomal proteins arranged
on a scaffold composed of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Lysosomes are not present Lysosomes are present
DNA is present in both mitochondria and
nucleus. So diseases may be hereditary from
the mother’s side because of this.
The electron transport chain is located in The electron transport chain is located in the
the cell/plasma membrane inner mitochondrial membrane
Replication occurs all the time “start and stop”
What is the Svedberg unit in prokaryotes?
The unit of measurement is the Svedberg unit, a measure of the rate of sedimentation
in centrifugation rather than size. The prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 50S
and 30S subunits. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S)
and a large (50S) subunit.
Microbiology
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi,
protozoa, and algae.
It plays a significant role in the field of medicine as many diseases are caused by these
microorganisms.
Microbiology helps in understanding the cause of infectious diseases, how they spread,
and how they can be controlled or treated.
Infection may be caused
1. Prions
2. Plasmids &
3. Viruses(RNA & DNA) - non living
4. Bacteria - may live independently or in a host.
5. Fungus
6. Protozoa
7. Insects/ Rodents
HISTONE BODIES AND DNA
PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Unicellular Most are Multicellular with exception to fungus
Lack true nucleus (bounded by
membrane). Have a true nucleus. nucleotide
Nucleotide is present
, No membrane bound organelles membrane bound organelles
Reproduction is both sexual and asexual Reproduction is sexual
Cell division is by binary fusion cell division is mitosis and meiosis
Circular DNA Linear DNA because of histone bodies
single haploid chromosomes Paired diploid Chromosomes 2n
Angular formed chromosomes Linear chromosomes with histone bodies
Exon (where the translation of the gene starts
only exons is present
)and intron are the parts of the dna
Ribosomes are free Ribosome are either attached or free
Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal
subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each large subunit (60S) according to their
consisting of a small (30S) and a large sedimentation coefficients. Both subunits
(50S) subunit contain dozens of ribosomal proteins arranged
on a scaffold composed of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
Lysosomes are not present Lysosomes are present
DNA is present in both mitochondria and
nucleus. So diseases may be hereditary from
the mother’s side because of this.
The electron transport chain is located in The electron transport chain is located in the
the cell/plasma membrane inner mitochondrial membrane
Replication occurs all the time “start and stop”
What is the Svedberg unit in prokaryotes?
The unit of measurement is the Svedberg unit, a measure of the rate of sedimentation
in centrifugation rather than size. The prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 50S
and 30S subunits. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S)
and a large (50S) subunit.
