NCM 116 – Care of Clients with Maladaptive SEM 02
Patterns of Behavior, Acute and Chronic FINALS
Lecturer: Dr. Cefer S. Sales, RN, MD, MHM, CHA
UNIT 4 – CHAPTER 22: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
TOPIC OUTLINE neurotransmitter dopamine is thought to play a part in
I. Introduction tic disorders. Tic disorders are usually treated with
II. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risperidone (Risperdal) or olanzapine (Zyprexa),
III. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) which are atypical antipsychotics.
IV. Nursing Management − Common simple motor tics include blinking,
jerking the neck, shrugging the shoulders,
INTRODUCTION grimacing, and coughing.
− Common simple vocal tics include clearing
• Psychiatric disorders are more difficult to diagnose in
the throat, grunting, sniffing, snorting, and
children than in adults because children’s basic
barking.
development is incomplete, and they may lack the
ability to recognize or to describe what they are − Complex vocal tics include repeating words
experiencing. or phrases out of context, coprolalia (use of
socially unacceptable words, frequently
• Children and adolescents can experience some of the
obscene), palilalia (repeating one’s own
same mental health problems seen in adults, such as
sounds or words), and echolalia (repeating
depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety.
the last-heard sound, word, or phrase).
• The disorders of childhood and adolescence most
− Complex motor tics include facial gestures,
often encountered in mental health settings include
jumping, or touching or smelling an object.
ASD and ADHD.
→ Tourette Disorder involves multiple motor tics
• Intellectual disability is the correct diagnostic term for
and one or more vocal tics, which occur many
what was once called mental retardation, a term often
times a day for more than 1 year. The complexity
used in a disparaging manner to bully or ridicule
and severity of the tics change over time, and the
individuals with impaired cognitive abilities.
person experiences almost all the possible tics
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) described previously during his or her lifetime.
The person has significant impairment in
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the DSM-5
academic, social, or occupational areas and feels
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
ashamed and self-conscious.
Disorders, fifth edition) diagnosis that includes
• Chronic Motor or Tic Disorder - Chronic motor or
disorders previously categorized as different types of
vocal tic differs from Tourette disorder in that either
a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD),
the motor or the vocal tic is seen, but not both.
characterized by pervasive and usually severe
Transient tic disorder may involve single or multiple
impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills,
vocal or motor tics, but the occurrences last no longer
communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical
than 12 months.
behavioral patterns.
• Learning Disorders - A specific learning disorder is
• Previous PDDs, such as Rett Disorder, childhood
diagnosed when a child’s achievement in reading,
disintegrative disorder, and Asperger disorder, are
mathematics, or written expression is below that
now viewed on a continuum called the autism
expected for age, formal education, and intelligence.
spectrum.
Learning problems interfere with academic
• Children with ASD have persistent deficits in
achievement and life activities requiring reading,
communication and social interaction accompanied by
math, or writing. Reading and written expression
restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior and
disorders are usually identified in the first grade; math
interests/activities. These children engage in
disorder may go undetected until the child reaches
stereotyped motor behaviors, such as hand flapping,
fifth grade. Children with learning disorders are
body twisting, or head banging. These behaviors and
assisted with academic achievement through special
difficulties are less prominent on the milder end of the
education classes in public schools.
autism spectrum and more pronounced on the severe
end. • Motor Skills Disorders
→ The essential feature of Developmental
Coordination Disorder is impaired coordination
severe enough to interfere with academic
achievement or activities of daily living. This
disorder becomes evident as a child attempts to
crawl or walk or as an older child tries to dress
independently or manipulate toys such as
building blocks. Schools provide adaptive
physical education (programs emphasize
inclusion of movement games) and sensory
integration programs (specific physical therapies
to target improvement in areas the child has
difficulties) to treat motor skills disorder.
→ Stereotypic Movement Disorder is
RELATED DISORDERS characterized by rhythmic, repetitive behaviors,
Patterns of Behavior, Acute and Chronic FINALS
Lecturer: Dr. Cefer S. Sales, RN, MD, MHM, CHA
UNIT 4 – CHAPTER 22: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
TOPIC OUTLINE neurotransmitter dopamine is thought to play a part in
I. Introduction tic disorders. Tic disorders are usually treated with
II. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risperidone (Risperdal) or olanzapine (Zyprexa),
III. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) which are atypical antipsychotics.
IV. Nursing Management − Common simple motor tics include blinking,
jerking the neck, shrugging the shoulders,
INTRODUCTION grimacing, and coughing.
− Common simple vocal tics include clearing
• Psychiatric disorders are more difficult to diagnose in
the throat, grunting, sniffing, snorting, and
children than in adults because children’s basic
barking.
development is incomplete, and they may lack the
ability to recognize or to describe what they are − Complex vocal tics include repeating words
experiencing. or phrases out of context, coprolalia (use of
socially unacceptable words, frequently
• Children and adolescents can experience some of the
obscene), palilalia (repeating one’s own
same mental health problems seen in adults, such as
sounds or words), and echolalia (repeating
depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety.
the last-heard sound, word, or phrase).
• The disorders of childhood and adolescence most
− Complex motor tics include facial gestures,
often encountered in mental health settings include
jumping, or touching or smelling an object.
ASD and ADHD.
→ Tourette Disorder involves multiple motor tics
• Intellectual disability is the correct diagnostic term for
and one or more vocal tics, which occur many
what was once called mental retardation, a term often
times a day for more than 1 year. The complexity
used in a disparaging manner to bully or ridicule
and severity of the tics change over time, and the
individuals with impaired cognitive abilities.
person experiences almost all the possible tics
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) described previously during his or her lifetime.
The person has significant impairment in
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the DSM-5
academic, social, or occupational areas and feels
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
ashamed and self-conscious.
Disorders, fifth edition) diagnosis that includes
• Chronic Motor or Tic Disorder - Chronic motor or
disorders previously categorized as different types of
vocal tic differs from Tourette disorder in that either
a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD),
the motor or the vocal tic is seen, but not both.
characterized by pervasive and usually severe
Transient tic disorder may involve single or multiple
impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills,
vocal or motor tics, but the occurrences last no longer
communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical
than 12 months.
behavioral patterns.
• Learning Disorders - A specific learning disorder is
• Previous PDDs, such as Rett Disorder, childhood
diagnosed when a child’s achievement in reading,
disintegrative disorder, and Asperger disorder, are
mathematics, or written expression is below that
now viewed on a continuum called the autism
expected for age, formal education, and intelligence.
spectrum.
Learning problems interfere with academic
• Children with ASD have persistent deficits in
achievement and life activities requiring reading,
communication and social interaction accompanied by
math, or writing. Reading and written expression
restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior and
disorders are usually identified in the first grade; math
interests/activities. These children engage in
disorder may go undetected until the child reaches
stereotyped motor behaviors, such as hand flapping,
fifth grade. Children with learning disorders are
body twisting, or head banging. These behaviors and
assisted with academic achievement through special
difficulties are less prominent on the milder end of the
education classes in public schools.
autism spectrum and more pronounced on the severe
end. • Motor Skills Disorders
→ The essential feature of Developmental
Coordination Disorder is impaired coordination
severe enough to interfere with academic
achievement or activities of daily living. This
disorder becomes evident as a child attempts to
crawl or walk or as an older child tries to dress
independently or manipulate toys such as
building blocks. Schools provide adaptive
physical education (programs emphasize
inclusion of movement games) and sensory
integration programs (specific physical therapies
to target improvement in areas the child has
difficulties) to treat motor skills disorder.
→ Stereotypic Movement Disorder is
RELATED DISORDERS characterized by rhythmic, repetitive behaviors,
