,About the Tutorial
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as
Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.
This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of
C++.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the
basic to advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this
tutorial,we are making an assumption that you are already aware of the basics
of computer program and computer programming language.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain,
copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in
any manner without written consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial.
If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i
Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i
Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i
i
, Copyright & Disclaimer............................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i
1. OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................... 1
Object-Oriented Programming ................................................................................................................ 1
Standard Libraries ................................................................................................................................... 1
The ANSI Standard .................................................................................................................................. 1
Learning C++............................................................................................................................................ 2
Use of C++ ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ENVIORNMENT SETUP......................................................................................................... 3
Try it Option Online ................................................................................................................................. 3
Local Environment Setup......................................................................................................................... 3
Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler: ............................................................................................................... 4
3. BASIC SYNTAX ...................................................................................................................... 6
C++ Program Structure: ........................................................................................................................... 6
Compile & Execute C++ Program: ............................................................................................................ 7
Semicolons & Blocks in C++ ..................................................................................................................... 7
C++ Identifiers ......................................................................................................................................... 8
C++ Keywords.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Trigraphs ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Whitespace in C++ ................................................................................................................................. 10
4. COMMENTS IN C++ ........................................................................................................... 11
5. DATA TYPES ....................................................................................................................... 13
Primitive Built-in Types ......................................................................................................................... 13
typedef Declarations ............................................................................................................................. 15
ii
, Enumerated Types ................................................................................................................................ 16
6. VARIABLE TYPES ................................................................................................................ 17
Variable Definition in C++ ...................................................................................................................... 17
Variable Declaration in C++ ................................................................................................................... 18
Lvalues and Rvalues .............................................................................................................................. 20
7. VARIABLE SCOPE ............................................................................................................... 21
Local Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Global Variables .................................................................................................................................... 22
Initializing Local and Global Variables ................................................................................................... 23
8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS ....................................................................................................... 24
Integer Literals ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Floating-point Literals ........................................................................................................................... 24
Boolean Literals..................................................................................................................................... 25
Character Literals .................................................................................................................................. 25
String Literals ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Defining Constants ................................................................................................................................ 27
9. MODIFIER TYPES................................................................................................................ 29
Type Qualifiers in C++............................................................................................................................ 30
10. STORAGE CLASSES ............................................................................................................. 31
The auto Storage Class .......................................................................................................................... 31
The register Storage Class ..................................................................................................................... 31
The static Storage Class ......................................................................................................................... 31
The extern Storage Class ....................................................................................................................... 33
The mutable Storage Class .................................................................................................................... 34
11. OPERATORS ....................................................................................................................... 35
iii
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as
Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.
This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of
C++.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the
basic to advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this
tutorial,we are making an assumption that you are already aware of the basics
of computer program and computer programming language.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain,
copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in
any manner without written consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial.
If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i
Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i
Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i
i
, Copyright & Disclaimer............................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i
1. OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................... 1
Object-Oriented Programming ................................................................................................................ 1
Standard Libraries ................................................................................................................................... 1
The ANSI Standard .................................................................................................................................. 1
Learning C++............................................................................................................................................ 2
Use of C++ ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ENVIORNMENT SETUP......................................................................................................... 3
Try it Option Online ................................................................................................................................. 3
Local Environment Setup......................................................................................................................... 3
Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler: ............................................................................................................... 4
3. BASIC SYNTAX ...................................................................................................................... 6
C++ Program Structure: ........................................................................................................................... 6
Compile & Execute C++ Program: ............................................................................................................ 7
Semicolons & Blocks in C++ ..................................................................................................................... 7
C++ Identifiers ......................................................................................................................................... 8
C++ Keywords.......................................................................................................................................... 8
Trigraphs ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Whitespace in C++ ................................................................................................................................. 10
4. COMMENTS IN C++ ........................................................................................................... 11
5. DATA TYPES ....................................................................................................................... 13
Primitive Built-in Types ......................................................................................................................... 13
typedef Declarations ............................................................................................................................. 15
ii
, Enumerated Types ................................................................................................................................ 16
6. VARIABLE TYPES ................................................................................................................ 17
Variable Definition in C++ ...................................................................................................................... 17
Variable Declaration in C++ ................................................................................................................... 18
Lvalues and Rvalues .............................................................................................................................. 20
7. VARIABLE SCOPE ............................................................................................................... 21
Local Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Global Variables .................................................................................................................................... 22
Initializing Local and Global Variables ................................................................................................... 23
8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS ....................................................................................................... 24
Integer Literals ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Floating-point Literals ........................................................................................................................... 24
Boolean Literals..................................................................................................................................... 25
Character Literals .................................................................................................................................. 25
String Literals ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Defining Constants ................................................................................................................................ 27
9. MODIFIER TYPES................................................................................................................ 29
Type Qualifiers in C++............................................................................................................................ 30
10. STORAGE CLASSES ............................................................................................................. 31
The auto Storage Class .......................................................................................................................... 31
The register Storage Class ..................................................................................................................... 31
The static Storage Class ......................................................................................................................... 31
The extern Storage Class ....................................................................................................................... 33
The mutable Storage Class .................................................................................................................... 34
11. OPERATORS ....................................................................................................................... 35
iii
