, C++
About the Tutorial
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at
Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various
versions of UNIX.
This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to
advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you begin practicing various examples given in this tutorial, we are making an
assumption that you are already aware of some basics, like the computer software
installation process and computer programming language.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish
any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent
of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at
i
, C++
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i
1. OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 1
Object-Oriented Programming ........................................................................................................................ 1
Standard Libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 1
The ANSI Standard ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Learning C++ .................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ENVIRONMENT SETUP ............................................................................................................ 3
Try it Option Online ......................................................................................................................................... 3
3. BASIC SYNTAX ......................................................................................................................... 5
C++ Program Structure..................................................................................................................................... 5
Compile & Execute C++ Program ...................................................................................................................... 6
Semicolons & Blocks in C++ .............................................................................................................................. 6
C++ Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 7
4. COMMENTS IN C++ ............................................................................................................... 10
5. DATA TYPES........................................................................................................................... 11
Primitive Built-in Types .................................................................................................................................. 11
typedef Declarations ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Enumerated Types ......................................................................................................................................... 14
6. VARIABLE TYPES .................................................................................................................... 15
ii
, C++
Variable Definition in C++ .............................................................................................................................. 15
Variable Declaration in C++ ............................................................................................................................ 16
Lvalues and Rvalues ....................................................................................................................................... 18
7. VARIABLE SCOPE ................................................................................................................... 19
Local Variables ............................................................................................................................................... 19
Global Variables............................................................................................................................................. 20
Initializing Local and Global Variables ............................................................................................................ 21
8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS ........................................................................................................... 22
Integer Literals ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Floating-point Literals .................................................................................................................................... 22
Boolean Literals ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Character Literals ........................................................................................................................................... 23
String Literals ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Defining Constants......................................................................................................................................... 25
9. MODIFIER TYPES ................................................................................................................... 27
Type Qualifiers in C++ .................................................................................................................................... 28
10. STORAGE CLASSES............................................................................................................... 29
The auto Storage Class ................................................................................................................................... 29
The register Storage Class .............................................................................................................................. 29
The static Storage Class ................................................................................................................................. 29
The extern Storage Class ................................................................................................................................ 31
The mutable Storage Class ............................................................................................................................. 32
11. OPERATORS......................................................................................................................... 33
Arithmetic Operators ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Relational Operators...................................................................................................................................... 35
Logical Operators ........................................................................................................................................... 37
iii
About the Tutorial
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at
Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various
versions of UNIX.
This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to
advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you begin practicing various examples given in this tutorial, we are making an
assumption that you are already aware of some basics, like the computer software
installation process and computer programming language.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish
any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent
of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at
i
, C++
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i
1. OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 1
Object-Oriented Programming ........................................................................................................................ 1
Standard Libraries ............................................................................................................................................ 1
The ANSI Standard ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Learning C++ .................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ENVIRONMENT SETUP ............................................................................................................ 3
Try it Option Online ......................................................................................................................................... 3
3. BASIC SYNTAX ......................................................................................................................... 5
C++ Program Structure..................................................................................................................................... 5
Compile & Execute C++ Program ...................................................................................................................... 6
Semicolons & Blocks in C++ .............................................................................................................................. 6
C++ Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 7
4. COMMENTS IN C++ ............................................................................................................... 10
5. DATA TYPES........................................................................................................................... 11
Primitive Built-in Types .................................................................................................................................. 11
typedef Declarations ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Enumerated Types ......................................................................................................................................... 14
6. VARIABLE TYPES .................................................................................................................... 15
ii
, C++
Variable Definition in C++ .............................................................................................................................. 15
Variable Declaration in C++ ............................................................................................................................ 16
Lvalues and Rvalues ....................................................................................................................................... 18
7. VARIABLE SCOPE ................................................................................................................... 19
Local Variables ............................................................................................................................................... 19
Global Variables............................................................................................................................................. 20
Initializing Local and Global Variables ............................................................................................................ 21
8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS ........................................................................................................... 22
Integer Literals ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Floating-point Literals .................................................................................................................................... 22
Boolean Literals ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Character Literals ........................................................................................................................................... 23
String Literals ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Defining Constants......................................................................................................................................... 25
9. MODIFIER TYPES ................................................................................................................... 27
Type Qualifiers in C++ .................................................................................................................................... 28
10. STORAGE CLASSES............................................................................................................... 29
The auto Storage Class ................................................................................................................................... 29
The register Storage Class .............................................................................................................................. 29
The static Storage Class ................................................................................................................................. 29
The extern Storage Class ................................................................................................................................ 31
The mutable Storage Class ............................................................................................................................. 32
11. OPERATORS......................................................................................................................... 33
Arithmetic Operators ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Relational Operators...................................................................................................................................... 35
Logical Operators ........................................................................................................................................... 37
iii
