SEBENTINHA vol.IV - 2nd edition

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BLOCKNOTES
BOOK
Circulation and Breathing
Thinking and DoingI I




SEBENTINHA vol.IV - 2nd edition
Marta Campos Ferreira de Brum Feijão
March 2023




Academic Year 2022-2023 SHAPING THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
0
FM.UCP.PT

,
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Nervous syste 1
1. Introduction to neuroanatom 1
1.1. Central and peripheral nervous systems 1
1.2. Major divisions of the central nervous system 3
1.3. Spinal cord 4
1.4. Brain 5
1.4.1. Hindbrain 5
1.4.2. Midbrain 6
1.4.3. Forebrain 6
1.5. Major divisions of the peripheral nervous system 7
1.5.1. Cranial and spinal nerves 8
1.6. Ganglia 10
2. Histology of the nervous syste 11
2.1. The neuron 11
2.2. Neuroglia 15
3. The spin 18
3.1. Vertebral column 18
3.1.1. Vertebrae structure and types 19
3.1.2. Vertebral column joints 26
3.2. Spinal cord 31
3.2.1. Spinal cord structure 31
3.2.2. Grey matter 32
3.2.3. White matter 36
3.3. Spinal cord tracts 37
4. The brai 45
4.1. Prosencephalon (Forebrain) 45
4.1.1. External surface 45
4.1.2. Medial view 50
4.1.3. Inferior view 51
4.2. Cerebral cortex 52
4.2.1. Cortical areas 53
4.3. Limbic system 58
4.4. Brainstem 62
4.4.1. Medula oblongata 62

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, 4.4.2. Pons 67
4.4.3. The brainstem and the cranial nerves 70
4.4.1. Midbrain 73
4.4.2. The reticular formation 76
4.4.3. Embryological origin 76
4.5. Cerebellum 78
4.5.1. Cerebellar structure 79
4.5.2. Functional regions 81
4.5.3. Cerebellar pathways 83
4.6. Diencephalon 89
4.6.1. Gross features 89
4.6.2. Thalamus 90
4.6.3. Subthalamus 93
4.6.4. Epithalamus 93
4.6.5. Hypothalamus 94
4.7. Basal ganglia 97
4.7.1. Corpus striatum 97
4.7.2. Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus 98
4.7.3. Claustrum 98
4.7.4. Connections of the corpus striatum and globus pallidus 99
4.7.5. Functions of the basal ganglia 101
4.8. Meninges and dural venous sinuses 103
4.9. Ventricular system and CSF 106
5. Blood supply to the brai 111
5.1. Arteries of the brain 111
5.2. Cerebral circulation 116
5.3. Veins of the brain 117
6. Neurotransmissio 119
6.1. General representation of the CNS cells 119
6.2. Synapses 120
6.3. Neurotransmitter systems 125
7. The ear: balance and auditory pathwa 130
7.1. Anatomy of the ear 130
7.1.1. External ear 130
7.1.2. Middle ear 131
7.1.3. Internal ear 135


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, 7.2. Auditory transduction 138
8. The visual pathwa 141
8.1. Anatomy of the eye 141
8.2. Visual elds 148
8.3. Visual pathways 149
9. Pain and proprioceptio 151
9.1. Pain 151
9.2. Proprioception 161
10. Cognitive functions, intelligence, and memor 168
10.1. Cognitive functions 168
10.2. Intelligence 169
10.3. Memory 170

Musculoskeletal system - Lower lim 172
1. Introduction to the skeletal syste 172
1.1. Cartilage and bones 172
1.2. Classi cation of bones 173
1.3. Bone markings and formations 174
1.4. Bone development 176
1.5. Vascularisation and innervation of bones 176
1.6. Joints 177
2. Bones of the thigh and le 182
2.1. Coxal bone 182
2.2. Femur 183
2.3. Patella 184
2.4. Tibia and bula 184
3. Organisation of the proximal uper leg (thigh 186
3.1. Anterior compartment of the thigh 186
3.2. Medial compartment of the thigh 189
3.3. Gluteal region: buttocks and hip region 192
3.4. Posterior compartment of the thigh 194
4. Popliteal fossa 196
5. Organisation of the distal leg (calf 197
5.1. Anterior compartment of the leg 197
5.2. Lateral compartment of the leg 198
5.3. Posterior compartment of the leg 199

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, 6. The foo 201
6.1. Bones of the foot 201
6.2. Skin and fascia of the foot 203
6.3. Muscles of the foot 205
6.4. Innervation of the foot 207
6.5. Blood supply to the foot 207
6.6. Venous drainage of the foot 210
6.7. Lympatic drainage of the foot 210
6.8. Joints of the foot 211

Musculoskeletal system - Lower limb joint 212
1. The kne 212
1.1. Joint capsule of the knee 213
1.2. Ligaments of the knee 213
1.3. Movements of the knee joint 216
1.4. Blood supply to the knee joint 217
1.5. Innervation of the knee joint 218
1.6. Bursae of the knee joint 218
2. The hip join 220
2.1. Articular surafces of the hip joint 220
2.2. Joint capsule of the hip joint 220
2.3. Movements of the hip joint 222
2.4. Blood supply to the hip joint 224
2.5. Nerve supply to the hip joint 224
3. The ankle join 226
3.1. Joint capsule of the ankle joint 226
3.2. Ligaments of the ankle joint 226
3.3. Movements of the ankle joint 227
3.4. Blood supply to the ankle joint 228
3.5. Nerve supply to the ankle joint 228

Thinking & doing I glossar 229




IV 1.4. Think and Doing I - Block Notes



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