WGU Educational Psychology and Development of Children/Adolescents 100% Correct

WGU Educational Psychology and Development of Children/Adolescents 100% Correct Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization gross motor skills physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping fine motor skills physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin Gessell's Theory of Development Distinct stages or sequences of child development. Development is driven by both genetics and environment. Infancy Physical Development (0-2) Roll, Hold Head up, Crawl, Walk, Feed Self, Run, Zipper Early Childhood Physical Development (2-6) Improvements in gross/fine motor skills. Run, Hop, Tumble, Climb, Bead Strings, Puzzles, Dress Self, Use Utensils. Middle Childhood Physical Development (6-10) Slow and Steady Weight/height gain, Adult teeth, Refinement of motor skills, play organized sports Adolescence Physical Development (10-18) Rapid Growth, Puberty, Hormones, Girls stop growing and boys continue. Piaget's Theory States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) 0-2. Sensations and perceptions. Master object permanence. Emphasis on the senses: touch, vision, motor (sucking and grasping) Preoperational Stage (Piaget) 2-7. Motor skills are acquired; egocentrism is strong but begins to decline; no logical thinking yet; most rapid period of development Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget) 7-12. The child develops the ability to understand constant factors in the environment, rules, and higher-order symbolic systems. Conservation is developed here. Formal Operational Stage (Piaget) 12-adulthood. Children develop the ability to think logically in the abstract. They develop deductive reasoning skills and are capable of achieving post-conventional moral reasoning. Assimilation interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Accomodation (Piaget) when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas (organized pattern of thought or behavior) Vygotsky's Theory A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher Erikson's Psychosocial Theory each stage builds on tasks of the previous stage, successful mastery leads to sense of self Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3) Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) can I be competent? Conflict leads to low self esteem and self efficacy Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) Adolescents develop a sense of identity by experimenting with different roles. No role experimentation may result in role confusion. Intimacy vs. Isolation Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families Bandura's Theory people's behavior is influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Kohlberg's stages of moral development 6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles) Preconventional (Kohlberg) Externally Controlled; Obedience and Punishment; Instrumental Orientation. Whats in the individuals best interest. Conventional (Kohlberg) Good boy, Nice Girl. Law and Order. Child blindly accepts rules. Postconventional (Kohlberg) Social contract orientation; Universal Ethical Principle. Abstract reasoning, moral capacity to disobey unjust laws Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg Girls and women focus more on staying connected and maintaining interpersonal relationships. language acquisition device (LAD) (Chomsky) Collection of processes that facilitate language learning that human brain is equipped with at birth Universal Grammar (Chomsky) - all across the world we learn the rules of grammar around the same time - if we do not learn them during this critical period we probably will not learn them at all Skinner's Theory of Language Development suggests that babies learn language through basic conditioning principles: association, reinforcement, and imitation Skinner 3 processes kids learn language Imitating, Prompting, and Shaping Vygotskys Theory of Language Development Focuses on social learning and Zone of Proximal Development At what stage of childhood can a child tie shoes? Primary School How does female growth differ from male growth adolescents? Females usually complete physical growth before males. Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the early childhood physical development stage? Ties shoes Which characteristic is consistent with a student in the middle childhood physical development stage? Refining motor coordination According to Piaget, what is an important accomplishment at the preoperational stage? Thinking symbolically A student understands that a deflated balloon can be inflated with air. According to piaget, which cognitive level is this student demonstrating? concrete operational According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher do to help a student move through the zone of proximal development? Provide instructional scaffolding Because of circumstances, an individual seeks medical advice to remove a parent from life support. According to Gilligan, which moral stage of development is represented by this scenario? Postconventional During which age range does Eriksons industry versus inferiority stage of psychosocial development usually occur? 5 to 12 years According to Bandura, which factor can affect reproduction? Physical capabilities What is identified with the babbling stage of the language development process? repeating vowel sounds What action characterizes the holophrastic stage of language development? uttering single words A student is able to make a sentence with a subject, verb, and object. Telegraphic Preconventional I love myself Conventional I love you more than I love myself Postconventional I love myself and I love you Chomsky Universal Grammar, Language is innate, Language acquisition Skinner associating words with meanings, positive reinforcement