ONS Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Certificate exam 2023/ 160 Questions and
Answers/verified/ Graded A+
3 major phases of cell division: - -Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
-3 steps of interphase: - -First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
-4 phases of mitosis: - -Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
-Innate immunity: - -Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
-Adaptive immunity: - -Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity,
including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory
responses)
-Define mutations - -Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
-3 main goals of treatment: - -Cure
Control
Palliation
-Define neoadjuvant therapy - -Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
-Define adjuvant therapy - -Additional cancer treatment given after the primary
treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
, -Define conditioning/preparative therapy - -Treatments used to prepare a patient for
stem cell transplantation
-2 types of conditioning therapies: - -Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
-Define dose density - -Drug dose per unit of time
-Define dose intensity - -Amount of drug delivered over time
-How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - -By comparing the dose that the
patient ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
-How do alkylating agents work? - -By causing a break in the DNA helix strand,
interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death
-3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - -1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating
agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
-Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - -Nitrogen mustards
-Common alkylating agents: - -Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
-Common platinum-based agents: - -Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
-What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - -Able to cross the blood-brain barrier;
can be effective in treating some brain tumors
-Common nitrosoureas agents: - -Carmustine (BiCNU)
Lomustine (CeeNu)
Streptozocin (Zanosar)
-Hypersensitivity can occur with late doses of: - -Carboplatin
-These agents are typically categorized as highly emetogenic: - -1. Alkylating agents
2. Nitrosoureas
Certificate exam 2023/ 160 Questions and
Answers/verified/ Graded A+
3 major phases of cell division: - -Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
-3 steps of interphase: - -First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
-4 phases of mitosis: - -Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
-Innate immunity: - -Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
-Adaptive immunity: - -Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity,
including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory
responses)
-Define mutations - -Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
-3 main goals of treatment: - -Cure
Control
Palliation
-Define neoadjuvant therapy - -Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
-Define adjuvant therapy - -Additional cancer treatment given after the primary
treatment to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
, -Define conditioning/preparative therapy - -Treatments used to prepare a patient for
stem cell transplantation
-2 types of conditioning therapies: - -Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
-Define dose density - -Drug dose per unit of time
-Define dose intensity - -Amount of drug delivered over time
-How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - -By comparing the dose that the
patient ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
-How do alkylating agents work? - -By causing a break in the DNA helix strand,
interfering with DNA replication and causing cell death
-3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - -1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating
agents as they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
-Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - -Nitrogen mustards
-Common alkylating agents: - -Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
-Common platinum-based agents: - -Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
-What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - -Able to cross the blood-brain barrier;
can be effective in treating some brain tumors
-Common nitrosoureas agents: - -Carmustine (BiCNU)
Lomustine (CeeNu)
Streptozocin (Zanosar)
-Hypersensitivity can occur with late doses of: - -Carboplatin
-These agents are typically categorized as highly emetogenic: - -1. Alkylating agents
2. Nitrosoureas
