ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
2ND SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023
LESSON 1: NEURON STRUCTURE AND o Once electrical signals
FUNCTION (PART 1) produced reaches the
Asynchronous Session integrating part of the
neuron, the axon hillock:
Overview given that electrical
signals are enough
to stimulate the
axon hillock, it will
translate the
electrical signal into
another electrical
signal = action
potential
o Action potential, which is
an electrical signal, will
Neuron: Cell that is responsible for travel into the conducting
signal transmission in bodies of pathway of the neuron =
animals axon
o Nerves: Collection of axons o Axon is the conducting
region of the neuron
The Neuron: Parts and Function can be myelinated
(has myelin sheaths
= made up of lipids)
or unmyelinated
(no myelin sheaths)
Note: myelin sheaths
are made up of glial
cells
o Action potential, the
electrical energy, will jump
into the nodes of Ranvier
Neuron: very specialized cell in = eto yung intervals ng
the body axon na unmyelinated
o Specialized cell that is NOT o When it reaches the
able to divide terminal button (axon
o Once they are formed, terminals), the electrical
CANNOT regenerate; kaya signal is converted again
special sila into chemical signal via the
Function: transmits signals from production or secretion of
the environment into the neurotransmitter
integrating system of the animal
o Integrating System: usually
the Central Nervous System Parts of the Neuron
(or simply nervous system)
Consists the brain
and spinal cord
o Neurons receives signal
from the integrating system
(nervous system) and sends
it back to the environment
as a reaction of the animal
Recall: Homeostasis Pathway
o Receptive Regions: Signal Receptor Part: Dendrites
comprise of dendrites and and Somatic/Cell Body
cell body = receives signal o Receives chemical or
from the environment or mechanical signal from
other cells via the opening environment or from
of the chemical or neighboring cells
mechanical-gated Sodium o Translates the signals from
(ion) channels the environment into
o Chemical or Mechanical electrical signals called
signal from the environment graded potential
or other cells = will be
translated into electrical Signal Integrating Part: Axon
signals by the dendrites and Hillock
, o Where the graded potential
will go and will be translated
into action potential
Signal Conducting Part: Axon =
can be myelinated or unmyelinated
o Conducts the action
potential
Signal Transmitting Part: Axon
Terminals; where action potential
will go
o Will be converted into Based on structural classes
chemical signal via the Multipolar: Many processes which
production of extends from the cell body (see
neurotransmitters, which image)
are chemical themselves Bipolar: Cell body is in the middle
and there are two processes
coming out of the cell body; has
Parts of the Neuron (Part 2) three parts
o Receiving Part
o Conducting Part
o Transmitting Region
Unipolar: ***from sir: No real
unipolar; this shape of neuron is
really a Bipolar neuron but looks
like a Unipolar
o Only one process that
extends from the cell body
o In reality, there are two
processes that are coming
out of from its body =
hence pseudounipolar
Essentially, your neuron can either
be multipolar, bipolar, or a
pseudounipolar
o Will always have a
receptive region,
conducting region, and
secretory region
*** ineexplain lang ni sir ung mga
nakasulat sa right! Axonal Transport
Incoming signals are received and
converted to a change in
membrane potential:
o Incoming signals: either
chemical or mechanical
o Changes the conformation
of the receptors in the
dendrites and cell body
o Signal reception parts will
change the incoming signal
Dynein and Kinesin are both
into electrical signals called
transport proteins inside the cell
graded potential
Dynein = Responsible for
A change in membrane potential
retrograde transport, meaning
initiates action potentials:
from other parts of the neuron
o Electrical signals from the
towards the cell body
signal recepting part will go
Kinesin = Anterograde transport;
into the signal-integrating
transport organelles and protein
part, the axon hillock, which
from the cell body into the different
will initiate another set of
portions of neuron
electrical signal = action
potential
*** from sir: remember the term Dr. Ka
Action potential will travel down
(Dynein is Retrograde, Kinesin is
the signal conducting part = the
Anterograde)
axon
Once in the signal transmitting
part, electrical signals will be
Physiological Aspect: Genesis of the
converted into chemical signals
Resting Membrane Potential
via the production or secretion of
neurotransmitter
2ND SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022-2023
LESSON 1: NEURON STRUCTURE AND o Once electrical signals
FUNCTION (PART 1) produced reaches the
Asynchronous Session integrating part of the
neuron, the axon hillock:
Overview given that electrical
signals are enough
to stimulate the
axon hillock, it will
translate the
electrical signal into
another electrical
signal = action
potential
o Action potential, which is
an electrical signal, will
Neuron: Cell that is responsible for travel into the conducting
signal transmission in bodies of pathway of the neuron =
animals axon
o Nerves: Collection of axons o Axon is the conducting
region of the neuron
The Neuron: Parts and Function can be myelinated
(has myelin sheaths
= made up of lipids)
or unmyelinated
(no myelin sheaths)
Note: myelin sheaths
are made up of glial
cells
o Action potential, the
electrical energy, will jump
into the nodes of Ranvier
Neuron: very specialized cell in = eto yung intervals ng
the body axon na unmyelinated
o Specialized cell that is NOT o When it reaches the
able to divide terminal button (axon
o Once they are formed, terminals), the electrical
CANNOT regenerate; kaya signal is converted again
special sila into chemical signal via the
Function: transmits signals from production or secretion of
the environment into the neurotransmitter
integrating system of the animal
o Integrating System: usually
the Central Nervous System Parts of the Neuron
(or simply nervous system)
Consists the brain
and spinal cord
o Neurons receives signal
from the integrating system
(nervous system) and sends
it back to the environment
as a reaction of the animal
Recall: Homeostasis Pathway
o Receptive Regions: Signal Receptor Part: Dendrites
comprise of dendrites and and Somatic/Cell Body
cell body = receives signal o Receives chemical or
from the environment or mechanical signal from
other cells via the opening environment or from
of the chemical or neighboring cells
mechanical-gated Sodium o Translates the signals from
(ion) channels the environment into
o Chemical or Mechanical electrical signals called
signal from the environment graded potential
or other cells = will be
translated into electrical Signal Integrating Part: Axon
signals by the dendrites and Hillock
, o Where the graded potential
will go and will be translated
into action potential
Signal Conducting Part: Axon =
can be myelinated or unmyelinated
o Conducts the action
potential
Signal Transmitting Part: Axon
Terminals; where action potential
will go
o Will be converted into Based on structural classes
chemical signal via the Multipolar: Many processes which
production of extends from the cell body (see
neurotransmitters, which image)
are chemical themselves Bipolar: Cell body is in the middle
and there are two processes
coming out of the cell body; has
Parts of the Neuron (Part 2) three parts
o Receiving Part
o Conducting Part
o Transmitting Region
Unipolar: ***from sir: No real
unipolar; this shape of neuron is
really a Bipolar neuron but looks
like a Unipolar
o Only one process that
extends from the cell body
o In reality, there are two
processes that are coming
out of from its body =
hence pseudounipolar
Essentially, your neuron can either
be multipolar, bipolar, or a
pseudounipolar
o Will always have a
receptive region,
conducting region, and
secretory region
*** ineexplain lang ni sir ung mga
nakasulat sa right! Axonal Transport
Incoming signals are received and
converted to a change in
membrane potential:
o Incoming signals: either
chemical or mechanical
o Changes the conformation
of the receptors in the
dendrites and cell body
o Signal reception parts will
change the incoming signal
Dynein and Kinesin are both
into electrical signals called
transport proteins inside the cell
graded potential
Dynein = Responsible for
A change in membrane potential
retrograde transport, meaning
initiates action potentials:
from other parts of the neuron
o Electrical signals from the
towards the cell body
signal recepting part will go
Kinesin = Anterograde transport;
into the signal-integrating
transport organelles and protein
part, the axon hillock, which
from the cell body into the different
will initiate another set of
portions of neuron
electrical signal = action
potential
*** from sir: remember the term Dr. Ka
Action potential will travel down
(Dynein is Retrograde, Kinesin is
the signal conducting part = the
Anterograde)
axon
Once in the signal transmitting
part, electrical signals will be
Physiological Aspect: Genesis of the
converted into chemical signals
Resting Membrane Potential
via the production or secretion of
neurotransmitter
