American Politics and the US Constitution
- C963 WGU
natrual rights - ANS ✅Life, Liberty, and Property
John Locke - ANS ✅17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and
who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
State of Nature - ANS ✅Hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government
where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality.
Due Process - ANS ✅involves the government's obligation to treat all citizens fairly. Such a
requirement lessens the extent to which government power can be exercised over the
individual, making the power differential between the two more fair, and ensuring a general
sense of political equality
Social Contract - ANS ✅A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and
welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - ANS ✅One of the first individuals to contribute to the idea of the
social contract was a pre-Enlightenment English philosopher
Leviathan (1651): Thomas Hobbes - ANS ✅Hobbes argues that society is not something natural
and immutable, but rather it is something created by us.
Labor Movement - ANS ✅the formation of labor unions, during the 1880's, for the workers to
receive better treatment by
Constitution - ANS ✅A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs
and the fundamental laws that govern a society
Bill of Rights - ANS ✅The first ten amendments to the Constitution
,Declaration of Independence - ANS ✅the document recording the proclamation of the second
Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Thomas Jefferson - ANS ✅Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787) - ANS ✅which almost resulted in potential mob rule, suggested
there might be too much democracy at play, and that maybe individual liberty was going too far
Articles of Confederation - ANS ✅A weak constitution that governed America during the
Revolutionary War.
Federalist no. 51 - ANS ✅Argues that separation of powers within the national government is
the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single
group.
First Amendment - ANS ✅Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
Second Amendment - ANS ✅Right to keep and bear arms
Third Amendment - ANS ✅The government may not house soldiers in private homes without
consent of the owner
Forth Amendment - ANS ✅It protects people against unfair searches of their homes; search and
seizure.
Fifth Amendment - ANS ✅A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons
accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and
punishment without due process of law.
,Sixth Amendment - ANS ✅Right to a speedy and public trial
Seventh Amendment - ANS ✅Right to a trial by jury in civil cases
Eighth Amendment - ANS ✅No cruel and unusual punishment
Nineth Amendment - ANS ✅peoples rights are not just limited to those listed in the Constitution
and Bill of Rights
Tenth Amendment - ANS ✅Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal
gov. are reserved to the states
bicameral legislature - ANS ✅A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example:
Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.
House of Representatives - ANS ✅the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number
of representatives from each state, depending on population
New Jersey Plan - ANS ✅Proposal to create a weak national government
Virginia Plan - ANS ✅Proposal to create a strong national government
Constitutional Convention - ANS ✅Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the
thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
unicameral legislature - ANS ✅One-house legislature
Three-Fifths Compromise - ANS ✅Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person
in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated
by the 13th amendment)
, Checks and Balances - ANS ✅A system that allows each branch of government to limit the
powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Separation of Powers - ANS ✅Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive,
and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and
enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
federal system - ANS ✅A government that divides the powers of government between the
national government and state or provincial governments
enumerated powers - ANS ✅The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
reserved powers - ANS ✅Powers given to the state government alone
Federalists - ANS ✅Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and
John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want
the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the
Constitution.
Anti-Federalists - ANS ✅Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states
were contemplating its adoption.
Ratification - ANS ✅Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution,
constitutional amendment, or treaty
Republic - ANS ✅A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
Habeas Corpus - ANS ✅Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment
Federalist Papers - ANS ✅A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
- C963 WGU
natrual rights - ANS ✅Life, Liberty, and Property
John Locke - ANS ✅17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and
who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
State of Nature - ANS ✅Hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government
where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality.
Due Process - ANS ✅involves the government's obligation to treat all citizens fairly. Such a
requirement lessens the extent to which government power can be exercised over the
individual, making the power differential between the two more fair, and ensuring a general
sense of political equality
Social Contract - ANS ✅A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and
welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - ANS ✅One of the first individuals to contribute to the idea of the
social contract was a pre-Enlightenment English philosopher
Leviathan (1651): Thomas Hobbes - ANS ✅Hobbes argues that society is not something natural
and immutable, but rather it is something created by us.
Labor Movement - ANS ✅the formation of labor unions, during the 1880's, for the workers to
receive better treatment by
Constitution - ANS ✅A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs
and the fundamental laws that govern a society
Bill of Rights - ANS ✅The first ten amendments to the Constitution
,Declaration of Independence - ANS ✅the document recording the proclamation of the second
Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Thomas Jefferson - ANS ✅Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Shays's Rebellion (1786-1787) - ANS ✅which almost resulted in potential mob rule, suggested
there might be too much democracy at play, and that maybe individual liberty was going too far
Articles of Confederation - ANS ✅A weak constitution that governed America during the
Revolutionary War.
Federalist no. 51 - ANS ✅Argues that separation of powers within the national government is
the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single
group.
First Amendment - ANS ✅Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
Second Amendment - ANS ✅Right to keep and bear arms
Third Amendment - ANS ✅The government may not house soldiers in private homes without
consent of the owner
Forth Amendment - ANS ✅It protects people against unfair searches of their homes; search and
seizure.
Fifth Amendment - ANS ✅A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons
accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and
punishment without due process of law.
,Sixth Amendment - ANS ✅Right to a speedy and public trial
Seventh Amendment - ANS ✅Right to a trial by jury in civil cases
Eighth Amendment - ANS ✅No cruel and unusual punishment
Nineth Amendment - ANS ✅peoples rights are not just limited to those listed in the Constitution
and Bill of Rights
Tenth Amendment - ANS ✅Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal
gov. are reserved to the states
bicameral legislature - ANS ✅A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example:
Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.
House of Representatives - ANS ✅the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number
of representatives from each state, depending on population
New Jersey Plan - ANS ✅Proposal to create a weak national government
Virginia Plan - ANS ✅Proposal to create a strong national government
Constitutional Convention - ANS ✅Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the
thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
unicameral legislature - ANS ✅One-house legislature
Three-Fifths Compromise - ANS ✅Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person
in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated
by the 13th amendment)
, Checks and Balances - ANS ✅A system that allows each branch of government to limit the
powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Separation of Powers - ANS ✅Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive,
and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and
enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
federal system - ANS ✅A government that divides the powers of government between the
national government and state or provincial governments
enumerated powers - ANS ✅The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.
reserved powers - ANS ✅Powers given to the state government alone
Federalists - ANS ✅Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and
John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want
the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the
Constitution.
Anti-Federalists - ANS ✅Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states
were contemplating its adoption.
Ratification - ANS ✅Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution,
constitutional amendment, or treaty
Republic - ANS ✅A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
Habeas Corpus - ANS ✅Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment
Federalist Papers - ANS ✅A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
