QUESTION BANK
ENDSEM
Unit 03 • Unit 04 • Unit 05 • Unit 06
Unit NO: 03
1. What is automobile or vehicle? Explain the classification of Vehicles. OR
State and explain different basis on which automobile vehicles are classified?
An automobile or vehicle is a machine designed to transport people or goods from one location to another. It
is typically powered by an engine, usually an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, and it operates
on land. Vehicles have become an integral part of modern society, providing a means of transportation for
individuals, families, and businesses.
Classification of Vehicles:
1. Passenger Vehicles: These vehicles are designed primarily for the transportation of people. They include
cars, sedans, SUVs (sport utility vehicles), minivans, and vans. Passenger vehicles generally have seating
capacity for up to nine people, depending on the model.
2. Commercial Vehicles: These vehicles are used for commercial purposes, such as the transportation of
goods or services. They include trucks, delivery vans, buses, and taxis. Commercial vehicles often have
larger cargo capacities and seating arrangements to accommodate passengers or cargo.
3. Motorcycles: Motorcycles are two-wheeled vehicles powered by an engine. They typically have a seat for
the rider and, in some cases, a pillion seat for a passenger. Motorcycles come in various types, including
sport bikes, cruisers, touring bikes, and off-road bikes.
4. Off-road Vehicles: These vehicles are designed for off-road driving and have features that enable them to
traverse rugged terrains. They include SUVs specifically built for off-roading, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs),
dune buggies, and dirt bikes.
5. Recreational Vehicles (RVs): RVs are vehicles equipped with living spaces and amenities, making them
suitable for recreational activities and long-distance travel. They include motorhomes, campervans, travel
trailers, and fifth-wheel trailers.
6. Special-Purpose Vehicles: These vehicles are designed for specific purposes and specialized industries.
Examples include ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, construction vehicles (e.g., excavators, bulldozers),
and agricultural vehicles (e.g., tractors).
2. Explain the specification of passenger car.
The specifications of a passenger car can vary depending on the specific make, model, and variant. However, here
are some common specifications and features you can find in passenger cars:
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 1
,1. Body Type: Passenger cars can have different body types, such as sedans, hatchbacks, coupes,
convertibles, and station wagons. Each body type offers unique design features and practicality.
2. Seating Capacity: Most passenger cars have seating capacity for four to five passengers, although some
larger models may have seating for six or more. The seating arrangement can vary, with options for front
and rear seats, folding rear seats for extra cargo space, and adjustable seat configurations.
3. Engine: Passenger cars can be powered by various types of engines, including gasoline (petrol), diesel, or
electric motors. The engine's capacity is often measured in litres (e.g., 1.6L, 2.0L), indicating the total
displacement of the engine cylinders.
4. Power and Performance: The power output of a passenger car's engine is typically measured in
horsepower (HP) or kilowatts (kW). It determines the car's acceleration, top speed, and overall
performance. Performance-focused cars may have higher horsepower ratings for enhanced speed and
agility.
5. Transmission: Passenger cars can have manual transmissions (with gears shifted manually) or automatic
transmissions (with gears shifting automatically). Automatic transmissions are more common in modern
passenger cars and offer convenience in city driving and stop-and-go traffic.
6. Fuel Efficiency: The fuel efficiency of a passenger car is typically measured in miles per gallon (MPG) or
litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km). It represents the distance the car can travel on a given amount of
fuel. Fuel-efficient cars help reduce fuel consumption and lower operating costs.
7. Safety Features: Passenger cars often come equipped with various safety features, such as airbags, anti-
lock braking systems (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), traction control, lane departure warning,
blind-spot monitoring, and rearview cameras. These features aim to enhance occupant safety and reduce
the risk of accidents.
8. Infotainment and Connectivity: Modern passenger cars feature infotainment systems that provide
entertainment, navigation, and connectivity options. These can include touchscreens, Bluetooth
connectivity, USB ports, smartphone integration (e.g., Apple CarPlay, Android Auto), and advanced audio
systems.
9. Comfort and Convenience: Passenger cars offer a range of comfort and convenience features, such as air
conditioning, power windows and mirrors, adjustable seats, keyless entry, cruise control, steering wheel
controls, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) like adaptive cruise control and automated
parking.
10. Exterior and Interior Design: Passenger cars come in various designs, styles, and finishes. The exterior
design may include elements like alloy wheels, LED headlights, fog lights, and stylish body contours. The
interior design may feature comfortable seating materials, quality upholstery, modern dashboard layouts,
and ample storage compartments.
These specifications are features can vary significantly depending on the Brand, Model, and trim level of a
Passenger car.
3. What is electric vehicle? What is need of electric vehicle.
An electric vehicle (EV) is a type of vehicle that is powered by one or more electric motors, using electrical
energy stored in batteries or other energy storage devices. Unlike conventional vehicles that rely on
internal combustion engines fuel by gasoline or diesel, electric vehicles use electricity as their primary
source of power.
The need for electric vehicles arises from several factors:
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 2
, 1. Environmental Benefits: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps reduce air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. As they do not burn fossil fuels directly, they contribute to
improving air quality and combating climate change.
2. Energy Efficiency: Electric vehicles are more energy-efficient compared to internal combustion engine
vehicles. Electric motors convert a higher percentage of the electrical energy from the batteries into
actual propulsion, whereas internal combustion engines waste a significant portion of energy as heat.
3. Renewable Energy Integration: Electric vehicles provide an opportunity for the integration of renewable
energy sources into the transportation sector. By charging EVs with electricity generated from renewable
sources like solar or wind, the overall carbon footprint can be further reduced.
4. Energy Independence and Diversification: Electric vehicles decrease dependence on fossil fuels for
transportation. By utilizing electricity from diverse sources, including renewables and nuclear power,
countries can reduce their reliance on imported oil and achieve greater energy independence.
5. Cost Savings: Electric vehicles can provide long-term cost savings. While the upfront cost of electric
vehicles is often higher than conventional vehicles, EV owners can save money on fuel costs. Electricity is
generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel on a per-mile basis, resulting in lower operating costs.
6. Technological Advancements: The development and adoption of electric vehicles drive innovation in the
automotive industry. It leads to advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and electric
motor efficiency, which can have broader applications beyond transportation.
7. Noise Reduction: Electric vehicles produce less noise compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.
This reduction in noise pollution can contribute to quieter and more peaceful urban environments.
8. Government Support and Policies: Many governments around the world are implementing policies and
incentives to promote electric vehicle adoption. These include subsidies, tax credits, rebates, and
exemptions from certain taxes or fees. Such support encourages consumers and businesses to choose
electric vehicles.
4. Draw a block diagram and state the elements of series hybrid vehicle.
Sol:
Internal Electric
Electric
combustion Battery Pack Motor / Wheels
Generator
engine Drive
Elements of a Series Hybrid Vehicle:
1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): This is the primary power source in a series hybrid vehicle. It is typically fuel
by gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuels. The engine is not directly connected to the wheels but operates as a
generator to produce electricity.
2. Electric Generator: The internal combustion engine drives the electric generator, which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The generator supplies electricity to the battery pack and/or electric motor.
3. Battery Pack: The battery pack stores electrical energy for later use. It is charged by the electric generator or
through regenerative braking. The battery pack provides power to the electric motor for propulsion.
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 3
, 4. Electric Motor/Drive: The electric motor is responsible for converting electrical energy from the battery pack
into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. The electric motor drives the wheels directly or through a
transmission system.
5. Wheels: The wheels transmit the mechanical power from the electric motor to the road surface, propelling
the vehicle forward.
5. Draw Four stroke SI Engine diagram and label Engine Components on it.
Sol:
A four-stroke SI engine, also known as a petrol engine, follows the four-stroke cycle to convert fuel into mechanical
energy. Here are the components of a typical four-stroke SI engine:
I. Intake Stroke: The piston moves downward, and the intake valve opens to allow the air-fuel mixture
to enter the combustion chamber. The components involved in this stroke include:
• Piston: A cylindrical component that moves up and down within the cylinder.
• Intake Valve: A valve that opens to let the air-fuel mixture enter the combustion chamber.
• Intake Manifold: A series of tubes that deliver the air-fuel mixture to each cylinder.
II. Compression Stroke: The piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture. The components
involved in this stroke include:
• Cylinder: The cylindrical chamber in which the piston moves.
• Piston Rings: Rings fitted around the piston to provide a tight seal against the cylinder walls.
• Compression Rings: Rings that help compress the air-fuel mixture by sealing the combustion chamber.
III. Power (Combustion) Stroke: When the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke, the spark
plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture. The rapid combustion forces the piston back down. The
components involved in this stroke include:
• Spark Plug: An ignition device that creates a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
• Combustion Chamber: The space in the cylinder where combustion occurs.
• Connecting Rod: A rod that connects the piston to the crankshaft, converting the linear motion of the
piston into rotational motion.
IV. Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves upward, pushing out the burned gases from the combustion
chamber. The components involved in this stroke include:
Exhaust Valve: A valve that opens to allow the burned gases to exit the combustion chamber.
Exhaust Manifold: A series of tubes that collect and direct the burned gases away from the engine.
V. Crankshaft: The main rotating shaft connected to the pistons via connecting rods. It converts the
reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion, providing power to the vehicle's
drivetrain.
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 4
ENDSEM
Unit 03 • Unit 04 • Unit 05 • Unit 06
Unit NO: 03
1. What is automobile or vehicle? Explain the classification of Vehicles. OR
State and explain different basis on which automobile vehicles are classified?
An automobile or vehicle is a machine designed to transport people or goods from one location to another. It
is typically powered by an engine, usually an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, and it operates
on land. Vehicles have become an integral part of modern society, providing a means of transportation for
individuals, families, and businesses.
Classification of Vehicles:
1. Passenger Vehicles: These vehicles are designed primarily for the transportation of people. They include
cars, sedans, SUVs (sport utility vehicles), minivans, and vans. Passenger vehicles generally have seating
capacity for up to nine people, depending on the model.
2. Commercial Vehicles: These vehicles are used for commercial purposes, such as the transportation of
goods or services. They include trucks, delivery vans, buses, and taxis. Commercial vehicles often have
larger cargo capacities and seating arrangements to accommodate passengers or cargo.
3. Motorcycles: Motorcycles are two-wheeled vehicles powered by an engine. They typically have a seat for
the rider and, in some cases, a pillion seat for a passenger. Motorcycles come in various types, including
sport bikes, cruisers, touring bikes, and off-road bikes.
4. Off-road Vehicles: These vehicles are designed for off-road driving and have features that enable them to
traverse rugged terrains. They include SUVs specifically built for off-roading, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs),
dune buggies, and dirt bikes.
5. Recreational Vehicles (RVs): RVs are vehicles equipped with living spaces and amenities, making them
suitable for recreational activities and long-distance travel. They include motorhomes, campervans, travel
trailers, and fifth-wheel trailers.
6. Special-Purpose Vehicles: These vehicles are designed for specific purposes and specialized industries.
Examples include ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, construction vehicles (e.g., excavators, bulldozers),
and agricultural vehicles (e.g., tractors).
2. Explain the specification of passenger car.
The specifications of a passenger car can vary depending on the specific make, model, and variant. However, here
are some common specifications and features you can find in passenger cars:
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 1
,1. Body Type: Passenger cars can have different body types, such as sedans, hatchbacks, coupes,
convertibles, and station wagons. Each body type offers unique design features and practicality.
2. Seating Capacity: Most passenger cars have seating capacity for four to five passengers, although some
larger models may have seating for six or more. The seating arrangement can vary, with options for front
and rear seats, folding rear seats for extra cargo space, and adjustable seat configurations.
3. Engine: Passenger cars can be powered by various types of engines, including gasoline (petrol), diesel, or
electric motors. The engine's capacity is often measured in litres (e.g., 1.6L, 2.0L), indicating the total
displacement of the engine cylinders.
4. Power and Performance: The power output of a passenger car's engine is typically measured in
horsepower (HP) or kilowatts (kW). It determines the car's acceleration, top speed, and overall
performance. Performance-focused cars may have higher horsepower ratings for enhanced speed and
agility.
5. Transmission: Passenger cars can have manual transmissions (with gears shifted manually) or automatic
transmissions (with gears shifting automatically). Automatic transmissions are more common in modern
passenger cars and offer convenience in city driving and stop-and-go traffic.
6. Fuel Efficiency: The fuel efficiency of a passenger car is typically measured in miles per gallon (MPG) or
litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km). It represents the distance the car can travel on a given amount of
fuel. Fuel-efficient cars help reduce fuel consumption and lower operating costs.
7. Safety Features: Passenger cars often come equipped with various safety features, such as airbags, anti-
lock braking systems (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), traction control, lane departure warning,
blind-spot monitoring, and rearview cameras. These features aim to enhance occupant safety and reduce
the risk of accidents.
8. Infotainment and Connectivity: Modern passenger cars feature infotainment systems that provide
entertainment, navigation, and connectivity options. These can include touchscreens, Bluetooth
connectivity, USB ports, smartphone integration (e.g., Apple CarPlay, Android Auto), and advanced audio
systems.
9. Comfort and Convenience: Passenger cars offer a range of comfort and convenience features, such as air
conditioning, power windows and mirrors, adjustable seats, keyless entry, cruise control, steering wheel
controls, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) like adaptive cruise control and automated
parking.
10. Exterior and Interior Design: Passenger cars come in various designs, styles, and finishes. The exterior
design may include elements like alloy wheels, LED headlights, fog lights, and stylish body contours. The
interior design may feature comfortable seating materials, quality upholstery, modern dashboard layouts,
and ample storage compartments.
These specifications are features can vary significantly depending on the Brand, Model, and trim level of a
Passenger car.
3. What is electric vehicle? What is need of electric vehicle.
An electric vehicle (EV) is a type of vehicle that is powered by one or more electric motors, using electrical
energy stored in batteries or other energy storage devices. Unlike conventional vehicles that rely on
internal combustion engines fuel by gasoline or diesel, electric vehicles use electricity as their primary
source of power.
The need for electric vehicles arises from several factors:
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 2
, 1. Environmental Benefits: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps reduce air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. As they do not burn fossil fuels directly, they contribute to
improving air quality and combating climate change.
2. Energy Efficiency: Electric vehicles are more energy-efficient compared to internal combustion engine
vehicles. Electric motors convert a higher percentage of the electrical energy from the batteries into
actual propulsion, whereas internal combustion engines waste a significant portion of energy as heat.
3. Renewable Energy Integration: Electric vehicles provide an opportunity for the integration of renewable
energy sources into the transportation sector. By charging EVs with electricity generated from renewable
sources like solar or wind, the overall carbon footprint can be further reduced.
4. Energy Independence and Diversification: Electric vehicles decrease dependence on fossil fuels for
transportation. By utilizing electricity from diverse sources, including renewables and nuclear power,
countries can reduce their reliance on imported oil and achieve greater energy independence.
5. Cost Savings: Electric vehicles can provide long-term cost savings. While the upfront cost of electric
vehicles is often higher than conventional vehicles, EV owners can save money on fuel costs. Electricity is
generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel on a per-mile basis, resulting in lower operating costs.
6. Technological Advancements: The development and adoption of electric vehicles drive innovation in the
automotive industry. It leads to advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and electric
motor efficiency, which can have broader applications beyond transportation.
7. Noise Reduction: Electric vehicles produce less noise compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.
This reduction in noise pollution can contribute to quieter and more peaceful urban environments.
8. Government Support and Policies: Many governments around the world are implementing policies and
incentives to promote electric vehicle adoption. These include subsidies, tax credits, rebates, and
exemptions from certain taxes or fees. Such support encourages consumers and businesses to choose
electric vehicles.
4. Draw a block diagram and state the elements of series hybrid vehicle.
Sol:
Internal Electric
Electric
combustion Battery Pack Motor / Wheels
Generator
engine Drive
Elements of a Series Hybrid Vehicle:
1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): This is the primary power source in a series hybrid vehicle. It is typically fuel
by gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuels. The engine is not directly connected to the wheels but operates as a
generator to produce electricity.
2. Electric Generator: The internal combustion engine drives the electric generator, which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The generator supplies electricity to the battery pack and/or electric motor.
3. Battery Pack: The battery pack stores electrical energy for later use. It is charged by the electric generator or
through regenerative braking. The battery pack provides power to the electric motor for propulsion.
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 3
, 4. Electric Motor/Drive: The electric motor is responsible for converting electrical energy from the battery pack
into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. The electric motor drives the wheels directly or through a
transmission system.
5. Wheels: The wheels transmit the mechanical power from the electric motor to the road surface, propelling
the vehicle forward.
5. Draw Four stroke SI Engine diagram and label Engine Components on it.
Sol:
A four-stroke SI engine, also known as a petrol engine, follows the four-stroke cycle to convert fuel into mechanical
energy. Here are the components of a typical four-stroke SI engine:
I. Intake Stroke: The piston moves downward, and the intake valve opens to allow the air-fuel mixture
to enter the combustion chamber. The components involved in this stroke include:
• Piston: A cylindrical component that moves up and down within the cylinder.
• Intake Valve: A valve that opens to let the air-fuel mixture enter the combustion chamber.
• Intake Manifold: A series of tubes that deliver the air-fuel mixture to each cylinder.
II. Compression Stroke: The piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture. The components
involved in this stroke include:
• Cylinder: The cylindrical chamber in which the piston moves.
• Piston Rings: Rings fitted around the piston to provide a tight seal against the cylinder walls.
• Compression Rings: Rings that help compress the air-fuel mixture by sealing the combustion chamber.
III. Power (Combustion) Stroke: When the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke, the spark
plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture. The rapid combustion forces the piston back down. The
components involved in this stroke include:
• Spark Plug: An ignition device that creates a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
• Combustion Chamber: The space in the cylinder where combustion occurs.
• Connecting Rod: A rod that connects the piston to the crankshaft, converting the linear motion of the
piston into rotational motion.
IV. Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves upward, pushing out the burned gases from the combustion
chamber. The components involved in this stroke include:
Exhaust Valve: A valve that opens to allow the burned gases to exit the combustion chamber.
Exhaust Manifold: A series of tubes that collect and direct the burned gases away from the engine.
V. Crankshaft: The main rotating shaft connected to the pistons via connecting rods. It converts the
reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion, providing power to the vehicle's
drivetrain.
https://msha.ke/btechnotes pg. 4
