Describe hypovolemic shock. What are causes of hypovolemic shock and
what is occurring in each? What are signs and symptoms a patient may be
experiencing shock? What nursing interventions would the nurse implement
for shock?
Hypovolemic shock is a rapid decrease in intravascular fluid, typically from blood loss.
This causes decreased perfusion to tissues and can cause organ failure.
Causes of Hypovolemic shock:-
- Internal/ External hemorrhage due to trauma, severe Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhoea, aquatic therapy
- Loss of plasma due to burns, discharge from lesions.
Stages of Hypovolemic shock:-
1) Initial stage
2) Compensatory stage
3) Progressive stage
4) Refractory stage
In initial stage, there is 15% drop in blood volume causing peripheral constriction. As a
result, decreased tissue perfusion leading to cause anaerobic metabolism.
Compensatory stage:-
- Homeostatic mechanism is sufficient to maintain adequate tissue perfusion despite a
reduction in CO.
- SNS activation attempts to maintain blood pressure even though CO has fallen.
Progressive stage of shock
-It is marked by hypotension and marked tissues hypoxia.
- Lactate production increases with anaerobic metabolism.
- Lack of ATP leads to cellular swelling, dysfunctions, death.
- Cellular and organ dysfunction result from oxygen free radicals, release of
inflammatory cytokines and activation of clotting cascade.
what is occurring in each? What are signs and symptoms a patient may be
experiencing shock? What nursing interventions would the nurse implement
for shock?
Hypovolemic shock is a rapid decrease in intravascular fluid, typically from blood loss.
This causes decreased perfusion to tissues and can cause organ failure.
Causes of Hypovolemic shock:-
- Internal/ External hemorrhage due to trauma, severe Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhoea, aquatic therapy
- Loss of plasma due to burns, discharge from lesions.
Stages of Hypovolemic shock:-
1) Initial stage
2) Compensatory stage
3) Progressive stage
4) Refractory stage
In initial stage, there is 15% drop in blood volume causing peripheral constriction. As a
result, decreased tissue perfusion leading to cause anaerobic metabolism.
Compensatory stage:-
- Homeostatic mechanism is sufficient to maintain adequate tissue perfusion despite a
reduction in CO.
- SNS activation attempts to maintain blood pressure even though CO has fallen.
Progressive stage of shock
-It is marked by hypotension and marked tissues hypoxia.
- Lactate production increases with anaerobic metabolism.
- Lack of ATP leads to cellular swelling, dysfunctions, death.
- Cellular and organ dysfunction result from oxygen free radicals, release of
inflammatory cytokines and activation of clotting cascade.
