ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (N3)
1st Semester AY 2022-2023
STUDY GUIDE
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology is the science of body functions (how body parts work)
2. Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical level:- This is the basic level of organization and includes substances
involved in chemical reactions such as enzymes, neurotransmitters, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), and hormones.
2. Cellular level :- This is a basic functional unit in the body. There are many kinds of
cells in the body.
3. Tissue level :- Certain cells that work together and perform specific functions are call
tissues. There are four main types of tissues: epithelium, connective, muscle, and nerve
tissues.
4. Organ level :- These are structures that are made up of two or more different tissue
types and they have specific functions.
5. System level/organ-system level :- This is composed of several organs with a
common function.
6. Organism level :- This refers to an organism with functioning body parts.
Name of the Function
Organ-System
Integumentary system 1. Protects the body as the first line of defense
2. helps regulate body temperature
3. eliminates some wastes in the form of sweat
4. helps make Vitamin D
5. detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.
Skeletal system 1. Supports and protects the body
2. provides a surface area for muscle attachments
3. aids body movements
4. houses cells that produce blood cells (the bone
11
, marrows)
5. stores minerals (e.g., calcium) and lipids.
Muscular system 1. Produces body movements such as walking
2. stabilizes body position
3. generates heat
Nervous system 1. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
regulate body activities
2. detects changes in the body’s internal and external
environments
3. interprets changes and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions.
Endocrine system Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are
chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine
gland or tissue to a target organ.
Cardiovascular system 1. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels
2. blood carries oxygen and CO2 and wastes away from cells
and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and
water conten
3. blood components (e.g., white blood cells and
platelets) help defend against disease and ensures
coagulation.
Lymphatic system 1. Returns proteins and fluid to blood
2. carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
3. It includes structures where lymphocytes that
protect against disease-causing microbes mature
and proliferate.
Respiratory system 1. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from
blood to exhaled air
2. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids by regulating
amount of dissolved CO2 in the blood
3. air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces
sounds.
Digestive system 1. Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
2. absorbs nutrients
3. Eliminate solid wastes
Urinary system 1. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
2. eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical
composition of the blood
3. helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
4. maintains the body's mineral balance
5. helps regulate production of red blood cells.
Reproductive system 1. Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new
organism
2. gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and
other body processes.
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1st Semester AY 2022-2023
STUDY GUIDE
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology is the science of body functions (how body parts work)
2. Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical level:- This is the basic level of organization and includes substances
involved in chemical reactions such as enzymes, neurotransmitters, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), and hormones.
2. Cellular level :- This is a basic functional unit in the body. There are many kinds of
cells in the body.
3. Tissue level :- Certain cells that work together and perform specific functions are call
tissues. There are four main types of tissues: epithelium, connective, muscle, and nerve
tissues.
4. Organ level :- These are structures that are made up of two or more different tissue
types and they have specific functions.
5. System level/organ-system level :- This is composed of several organs with a
common function.
6. Organism level :- This refers to an organism with functioning body parts.
Name of the Function
Organ-System
Integumentary system 1. Protects the body as the first line of defense
2. helps regulate body temperature
3. eliminates some wastes in the form of sweat
4. helps make Vitamin D
5. detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.
Skeletal system 1. Supports and protects the body
2. provides a surface area for muscle attachments
3. aids body movements
4. houses cells that produce blood cells (the bone
11
, marrows)
5. stores minerals (e.g., calcium) and lipids.
Muscular system 1. Produces body movements such as walking
2. stabilizes body position
3. generates heat
Nervous system 1. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to
regulate body activities
2. detects changes in the body’s internal and external
environments
3. interprets changes and responds by causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions.
Endocrine system Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are
chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine
gland or tissue to a target organ.
Cardiovascular system 1. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels
2. blood carries oxygen and CO2 and wastes away from cells
and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and
water conten
3. blood components (e.g., white blood cells and
platelets) help defend against disease and ensures
coagulation.
Lymphatic system 1. Returns proteins and fluid to blood
2. carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
3. It includes structures where lymphocytes that
protect against disease-causing microbes mature
and proliferate.
Respiratory system 1. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from
blood to exhaled air
2. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids by regulating
amount of dissolved CO2 in the blood
3. air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces
sounds.
Digestive system 1. Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
2. absorbs nutrients
3. Eliminate solid wastes
Urinary system 1. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
2. eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical
composition of the blood
3. helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
4. maintains the body's mineral balance
5. helps regulate production of red blood cells.
Reproductive system 1. Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new
organism
2. gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and
other body processes.
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