Pharmacology NR 293 Exam 1 2023/2024 75 Questions and Answers (Graded A+)

Pharmacology NR 293 Exam 1 2023/2024 Quiz :Pharmacotherapeutics - √Answer :is the use of medications to prevent illnesses or as an intervention to treat diseases. Quiz :Pharmacokinetics - √Answer :what the body does to a medication and entails four very important processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug Quiz :Pharmacodynamics - √Answer :explores what the drug does to the body. Quiz :The nursing process - √Answer :evidence-based framework that is used to guide professional nursing practice. The nursing process consists of five steps: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Critical decision making underscores the nursing process in action. The nurse collects both subjective and objective information in utilizing the steps of the nursing process. The nurse addresses the multifaceted concerns of the patient, including physiological, psychological, spiritual, cultural, and socioeconomic needs. Quiz :Drug interactions - √Answer :can occur at any time. The reasons that clients may experience drug interactions include polypharmacy: the simultaneous use multiple drugs; patient's lack of knowledge of medication instructions; and interactions that may occur when taking over-the-counter and herbal supplements. Quiz :Strategies to Prevent Drug Interactions - √Answer :The patient should understand the reason for taking the medication, instructions for how to take the medication, and how long he or she should take the medication. Encourage the patient to keep a current list of medications and bring it to each physician appointment. Educate the patient about interactions with food and other medications that may increase or decrease efficacy. Support the patient in asking his or her healthcare provider and pharmacist to verify his or her medication list, and if supplements or herbal therapies interact. Have the patient return to demonstrate patient teaching regarding how to take the medications. Designate friends or family members to assist patients with medication administration when the patient has vision or memory problems. Incorporate the use of a pillbox, calendar, or storage containers with labels to assist with organizing medications. Discard old or expired medications. Quiz :Pharmacological responses - √Answer :the physiological reactions that occur within the body. These medication-body reactions may be therapeutic or toxic. Quiz :Administration Routes - √Answer :There are two general types of drug administration routes—enteral (via the GI tract) and parenteral (by injection). Common routes include oral (PO), intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SQ). Quiz :intravenous (IV) - √Answer :Advantages: Complete absorption 100% bioavailability Precise control of dosing Quick dilution of irritating drugs Disadvantages: Irreversible administration Drug concentration, formulation, and rate of injection sensitivity Risks of overloading body fluid volume, infection, and embolism Quiz :intramuscular (IM) - √Answer :Advantages: The use of poorly water-soluble drugs The use for depot drug formulation (e.g., Penicillin G) Disadvantages: Discomfort and inconvenience Local tissue injury caused by chronic administration Risk of nerve damage because of improper injection Moderate to low bioavailability Quiz :subcutaneous (SQ) - √Answer :Advantages: The use of poorly water-soluble drugs The use for depot drug formulation Disadvantages: Discomfort and inconvenience Local tissue injury caused by chronic administration Risk of nerve damage because of improper injection Moderate to low bioavailability Quiz :oral (PO) - √Answer :Advantages: Convenient and inexpensive Higher safety of administration Disadvantages: Variability of drug absorption and difficulty of drug concentration control Inactivation of certain drugs because of acidic environment of the stomach (e.g., Penicillin G) and/or the liver "first-pass" effect (nitroglycerin) Patients consciousness requirement Local irritation of the GI tract to cause vomiting and nausea Quiz :transdermal - √Answer :Advantages: Good control of drug release (e.g., nitroglycerin and contraceptive hormones) Convenient to use (e.g., patch and ointment) Disadvantages: Inconvenient administration for liquid formulation of drug Quiz :adverse drug event (ADE) - √Answer :refers to any undesirable occurrence related to either the administration of a medication or the failure to administer a medication. If a medication is given at the appropriate therapeutic dosage and any unexpected, undesired, or unintended reaction occurs, this would be called an adverse drug reaction. Quiz :Lifespan Considerations - √Answer :The nurse will make certain decisions about how to administer medication, keeping in mind the patient's age, developmental level, emotional status, health status, and ability to participate in the medication administration process. Quiz :Administering Medications to Children - √Answer :Dosages are based on weight or body surface area (BSA). Quiz :Medication Therapy During Pregnancy - √Answer :Gestational age: During the 1st trimester, the fetus is at most risk due to the occurrence of rapid growth. During the 3rd trimester, drugs are most likely to cross over from the circulation of the mother to that of the child. Breast feeding: A wide variety of drugs easily cross from the mother's circulation into the breast milk, and subsequently to the breastfeeding infant. Pregnancy safety category: The FDA classifies drugs based on their safety for use during pregnancy. Quiz :Medication Therapy in Older Adults - √Answer :Of specific concern in the older adult population is polypharmacy, which describes the practice of taking multiple medications simultaneously. Absorption---Pharmacokinetic Changes: Decreased gastric pH Slowed gastric emptying Movement through the entire GI tract slowed Blood flow to the GI tract decreased 40-50% Distribution---Pharmacokinetic Changes: Decreased percentage of total body water Increased fat content as lean body mass decreases Fewer protein binding sites, specifically albumin Metabolism---Pharmacokinetic Changes: Decreased levels of microsomal enzymes Hepatic metabolism decreased because of less blood flow Excretion---Pharmacokinetic Changes: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased 40-50% Fewer intact nephrons Quiz :In which step of the nursing process does the nurse determine the outcome of medication administration? 1. Planning 2. Assessment 3. Evaluation 4. Implementation - √Answer :3. Evaluation Quiz :The nurse plans care for a male patient who is 80 years old. The nursing diagnosis is noncompliance with the medication regimen related to living alone, as evidenced by uncontrolled blood pressure. What should the nurse do next? 1. Collaborate with the provider on a new medication regimen. 2. Assess the impact of home self-management of medications. 3. Set up a home care nurse for pharmacotherapy. 4. Examine the results of nursing help with the medications. - √Answer :3. Set up a home care nurse for pharmacotherapy. Quiz :Which statement is an example of objective data? (Select all that apply.) Select all that apply. 1. The patient states that she has a headache. 2. The patient says that she feels like someone is touching her arm. 3. The patient says that she has felt tired for almost a week. 4. The patient has clear urine noted by microscopic examination. 5. The patient has had a fever for 5 days. - √Answer :4. The patient has clear urine noted by microscopic examination. 5. The patient has had a fever for 5 days. Quiz :What things should the nurse check when reviewing a prescription before handing the written prescription to the patient? (Select all that apply.) Select all that apply. 1. The route of administration 2. The age of the patient 3. The patient's home address 4. The patient's emergency contact 5. The signature of the prescriber - √Answer :1. The route of administration 5. The signature of the prescriber Quiz :What information should the nurse chart when documenting medication administration? (Select all that apply.) Select all that apply. 1. The dosage of medication administered 2. The route of administration 3. The time of administration 4. The patient's age 5. Information about an "incident report" in the patient's chart - √Answer :1. The dosage of medication administered 2. The route of administration 3. The time of administration Quiz :What is the study of physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called? Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics - √Answer :Pharmacodynamics Quiz :Which statement best describes pharmacokinetics? Converts medication into its active chemical substance What the body does to the drug after it is administered Physiologic interaction between a drug and body cells Adverse effects and toxic reactions to medications - √Answer :What the body does to the drug after it is administered Quiz :What is another term for biotransformation of a drug? Absorption Metabolism Excretion Dilution - √Answer :Metabolism Quiz :A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect? Subcutaneous (subcut) Oral Intravenous (IV) Sublingual - √Answer :Oral Quiz :Drug's half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to exert a response. be eliminated by the body. be absorbed by the body. reach a therapeutic level. - √Answer :be eliminated by the body. Quiz :Which nursing action will increase the absorption of a medication administered intramuscularly (IM)? Massage the site after injection. Apply ice packs to the injection site. Administer the medication via the Z-track method. Lower the extremity below the level of the heart. - √Answer :Massage the site after injection. Quiz :When administering two medications that are highly protein bound, the nurse understands to monitor the patient carefully for which effect? Increase in the risk of drug-drug interactions Hypovolemic shock caused by a low albumin level Immediate improvement in the patient's condition A short duration of medication action - √Answer :Increase in the risk of drug-drug interactions Quiz :To achieve the most rapid onset of action, the health care provider will prescribe the medication to be administered by which route? IM Intrathecally Subcut IV - √Answer :IV Quiz :Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic process? Distribution Metabolism Absorption Excretion - √Answer :Excretion Quiz :What is the term for ratio between a drug's therapeutic effects and toxic effects? Therapeutic index Cumulative effect Affinity Tolerance - √Answer :Therapeutic index Quiz :A patient asks the nurse why a lower dose of IV pain medication is being given than the previous oral dose. What is the nurse's best response to the patient? "Drugs administered intravenously enter the portal system before systemic distribution." "Medications given orally bypass the portal circulatory system." "Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect." "A large percentage of an intravenously administered drug is metabolized into inactive metabolites in the liver." - √Answer :"Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect." Quiz :The nurse understands that drugs exert their actions on the body by what process? (Select all that apply.) Select all that apply. Altering metabolic chemical processes Interacting with receptors Making the cell perform a new function Inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme - √Answer :Altering metabolic chemical processes Interacting with receptors Inhibiting the action of a specific enzyme Quiz :The nurse knows that which factors will affect the absorption of orally administered medications? (Select all that apply.) Select all that apply. Form of drug preparation Time of day pH of the stomach Patient in high-Fowler's position Presence of food in the stomach - √Answer :Form of drug preparation Time of day pH of the stomach Presence of food in the stomach Quiz :When calculating pediatric dosages, the nurse understands which method is most accurate for dosing calculations? Dosage calculation by body surface area because it takes into account the difference in size for children and neonates Medication dosing calculated according to body weight because it is based on maturational growth and development Calculated doses based on body weight need to be increased by 10% because of immature renal and hepatic function