NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Chapter 5
1. Teeth Process
• First teeth come in by 6 months – 8 months which is the central
incisor
• By 12 months have 6 – 8 teeth
• By 4 years able to brush teeth w/ supervision
• All teeth present by the time the child is 33 months (3 years of age)
• How many teeth by 2 ½ - 3 years? 20 teeth children loss their first
tooth by 6 years old.
• 28 teeth present by time a child is 12 years old, plus 4 molars come in
= 32 teeth in total.
2. There are deciduous teeth, primary teeth, permanent teeth:
1) Deciduous teeth – like a leaf that falls out the mouth
2) Primary teeth – a child’s first teeth
3) Permanent teeth – after deciduous loss
▪ Genetic factors (heredity) determine each individual’s growth
and developmental rate.
▪ Culture is a significant factor that influences how children grow
toward adulthood.
▪ Environment has a significant role in determining growth and development
both before and after birth.
▪ Nutrition is critical for growth and plays a significant role
throughout childhood.
Jean Piaget’s
o Cognitive theory interprets how children learn and think and how this
thinking progresses and differs from adult thinking. Stages of this
theory include:
o sensorimotor,
o pre-operations,
o concrete operations,
o formal operations.
,NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development:
The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years) Infancy
o A period of reflexive behavior used to adapt to the environement.
▪ During this period, the infant’s world becomes more permanent
and organized. (Egocentric view of the world)
o The stage ends with the infant demonstrating some evidence
of reasoning.
The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Toddlerhood
o A period of egocentrism in which the child’s judgments are
illogical and dominated by magical thinking and animism.
Concrete Operations (7 -11 years) School Age
o The period of cognitive development in which children’s thinking is
shifted from egocentric to being able to see another’s point of
view (More systematic and logical).
o They develop the ability to distinguish fact from fantasy.
o By 7 to 8 years of age, the child is able to retrace a process
(reversibility) and has the skills necessary for solving
mathematical problems.
o The ability to classify things from simple to complex and the
ability to identify differences and similarities are cognitive skills of
the older school-age child; this demonstrates use of classification and
logical thought processes.
o The school-age child is able to recognize that 1 lb
of feathers is equal to 1 lb of metal.
o The school-age child is able to recognize that he can be
a son, brother, or nephew at the same time.
o The school-age child understands the principles of
adding, subtracting, and reversibility.
,NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Formal Operations (11 years to adulthood) Adolescence
o A period in development in which new ideas are created
through previous thoughts.
o Situations can be analyzed
o Analytic reason and abstract thought emerge in this period.
Erik Erikson
o viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and
cultural factors.
o Each conflict must be resolved for the child to progress emotionally,
with unsuccessful resolution leaving the child emotionally disabled.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development: (pg. 67 -68)
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
o Development of a sense that the self is good, and the world is good when
consistent, predictable, reliable care is received
o Characterized by hope
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)
o Development of sense of control over the self and body function
o Exerts self
o Characterized by will.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age)
o Development of a can-do attitude about self
o Behavior become goal-directed, competitive, and imaginative
o Initiation into gender role
o Characterized by purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)
o Mastering of useful skills and tools of the culture
o Learning how to play and work with peers
, NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
o Characterized by competence
Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence)
o Begins to develop a sense of “I”
o This process is lifelong
o Peers become of paramount importance
o Child gains independence from parents
o Characterized by faith in self.
Intimacy vs. isolation (Adulthood)
Generativity vs. stagnation (Adulthood)
Ego integrity vs. Despair (Adulthood)
Sigmund Freud
o proposed a psychosexual theory of development.
o He proposed that certain parts of the body assume psychological
significance as foci of sexual energy.
o The foci shift as the individual moves through the different stages
of development:
Freud’s stage of psychosexual Development:
Oral stage (Infancy)
o Mouth is the sensory organ
o Infant takes in and explores during oral passive substage (first half
of infancy)
o Infants strikes out with teeth during oral aggressive substage (Latter half
of infancy)
Anal Stage (Toddlerhood)
o Major focus of sexual interest is anus
o Control of body function is major feature
Phallic or Oedipal Electra stage (Preschool Age)
o Genitals become focus of sexual curiosity
o Superego (conscience) develops
o Feeling of guilt emerge
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Chapter 5
1. Teeth Process
• First teeth come in by 6 months – 8 months which is the central
incisor
• By 12 months have 6 – 8 teeth
• By 4 years able to brush teeth w/ supervision
• All teeth present by the time the child is 33 months (3 years of age)
• How many teeth by 2 ½ - 3 years? 20 teeth children loss their first
tooth by 6 years old.
• 28 teeth present by time a child is 12 years old, plus 4 molars come in
= 32 teeth in total.
2. There are deciduous teeth, primary teeth, permanent teeth:
1) Deciduous teeth – like a leaf that falls out the mouth
2) Primary teeth – a child’s first teeth
3) Permanent teeth – after deciduous loss
▪ Genetic factors (heredity) determine each individual’s growth
and developmental rate.
▪ Culture is a significant factor that influences how children grow
toward adulthood.
▪ Environment has a significant role in determining growth and development
both before and after birth.
▪ Nutrition is critical for growth and plays a significant role
throughout childhood.
Jean Piaget’s
o Cognitive theory interprets how children learn and think and how this
thinking progresses and differs from adult thinking. Stages of this
theory include:
o sensorimotor,
o pre-operations,
o concrete operations,
o formal operations.
,NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development:
The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years) Infancy
o A period of reflexive behavior used to adapt to the environement.
▪ During this period, the infant’s world becomes more permanent
and organized. (Egocentric view of the world)
o The stage ends with the infant demonstrating some evidence
of reasoning.
The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Toddlerhood
o A period of egocentrism in which the child’s judgments are
illogical and dominated by magical thinking and animism.
Concrete Operations (7 -11 years) School Age
o The period of cognitive development in which children’s thinking is
shifted from egocentric to being able to see another’s point of
view (More systematic and logical).
o They develop the ability to distinguish fact from fantasy.
o By 7 to 8 years of age, the child is able to retrace a process
(reversibility) and has the skills necessary for solving
mathematical problems.
o The ability to classify things from simple to complex and the
ability to identify differences and similarities are cognitive skills of
the older school-age child; this demonstrates use of classification and
logical thought processes.
o The school-age child is able to recognize that 1 lb
of feathers is equal to 1 lb of metal.
o The school-age child is able to recognize that he can be
a son, brother, or nephew at the same time.
o The school-age child understands the principles of
adding, subtracting, and reversibility.
,NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
Formal Operations (11 years to adulthood) Adolescence
o A period in development in which new ideas are created
through previous thoughts.
o Situations can be analyzed
o Analytic reason and abstract thought emerge in this period.
Erik Erikson
o viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and
cultural factors.
o Each conflict must be resolved for the child to progress emotionally,
with unsuccessful resolution leaving the child emotionally disabled.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development: (pg. 67 -68)
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
o Development of a sense that the self is good, and the world is good when
consistent, predictable, reliable care is received
o Characterized by hope
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)
o Development of sense of control over the self and body function
o Exerts self
o Characterized by will.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age)
o Development of a can-do attitude about self
o Behavior become goal-directed, competitive, and imaginative
o Initiation into gender role
o Characterized by purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)
o Mastering of useful skills and tools of the culture
o Learning how to play and work with peers
, NURS 4385 EXAM CH 5:CHILD AND FAMILY NURSING 2023
GUIDE A+ GRADED SUCCESS ASSAURED
o Characterized by competence
Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence)
o Begins to develop a sense of “I”
o This process is lifelong
o Peers become of paramount importance
o Child gains independence from parents
o Characterized by faith in self.
Intimacy vs. isolation (Adulthood)
Generativity vs. stagnation (Adulthood)
Ego integrity vs. Despair (Adulthood)
Sigmund Freud
o proposed a psychosexual theory of development.
o He proposed that certain parts of the body assume psychological
significance as foci of sexual energy.
o The foci shift as the individual moves through the different stages
of development:
Freud’s stage of psychosexual Development:
Oral stage (Infancy)
o Mouth is the sensory organ
o Infant takes in and explores during oral passive substage (first half
of infancy)
o Infants strikes out with teeth during oral aggressive substage (Latter half
of infancy)
Anal Stage (Toddlerhood)
o Major focus of sexual interest is anus
o Control of body function is major feature
Phallic or Oedipal Electra stage (Preschool Age)
o Genitals become focus of sexual curiosity
o Superego (conscience) develops
o Feeling of guilt emerge
