Ex.No.-1 Study of mother Board, Power supply, Keyboard and monitors
Aim:
To Identify and study the different parts of Motherboard, Power supply, Keyboard and monitors
Objective:
To examine the various components typically contained on the motherboard and Motherboard interface
connectors and internal headers.
Components Required: Different types of motherboards
Theory:-
Mother board (mobo) or the main board is the most important section in any computer system. No
computer system can operate without its motherboard. Motherboard is easily identified in the system by
its size or shape. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central
processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals
A PC motherboard contains numerous logic devices, memory chips and other electronic component and
circuits, in addition to it different expansion and RAM slots. Various components of the motherboard are
CPU, RAM BIOS, Cache memory, Buffer IC’s, Latch IC’s, numeric Co-processor, I/O interface
controllers, Logic chips, decoder and other electronic components such as transistors, diodes, capacitors,
resistors, crystal oscillators, jumpers, dip switches, various types of connectors and slots.
Motherboard Form Factor
The form factor refers to the physical dimensions (size and shape) as well as certain connector, screw
hole and other positions which also determine the type of case into which the board will fit into. AT and
ATX are the main form factors used by Intel. In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board Form Factor is
Micro ATX [8.60 inches x 9.60 inches]
Processor Socket
To make Processors user-installable and replaceable, Intel introduced CPU Sockets and Slots.
Older Sockets introduced with 486 processors were LIF Sockets (Low Insertion Force) and later Socket
design was turned into ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). With ZIF Socket Design, the processor could be easily
installed or removed with no tools. (No force is required). ZIF Sockets use a lever to engage or release
the grip on the chip, and with the lever released, the chip can be easily inserted or removed.
In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board uses the LGA 775 or Socket T CPU Socket
Chipsets
Chipset provides the support circuitry to CPU that makes a complete PC. The Chipset contains the
processor bus interface, memory controllers, I/O controllers etc. The chipset decides the features of
motherboard, the speed, type, and amount of memory, the type of expansion buses etc. Most of Intel’s
earlier Chipsets and other non-Intel Chipsets used the traditional Multitier North/South Bridge
Architecture. Later Intel introduced the Hub Architecture for its Chipsets. The Hub architecture based
Chipset consists of a Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) and an I/O Controller Hub (ICH). There
are two main variations on this hub interface. They are
1. AHA (Accelerated Hub Architecture) – Used by Intel’s 8xx series of Chipsets.
2. DMI (Direct Media Interface) – Used by Intel’s 9xx, 3x and 4x series chipsets.
Super I/O Chip
The Super I/O chip contains the following components
- Floppy Controller
- One or two Serial Ports
- Parallel Port Controller
- PS/2 Mouse and Keyboard Connectors
BIOS
The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to
load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device. The BIOS additionally provides
, abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e. a consistent way for application programs and operating systems to
interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are
hidden by the BIOS from programs that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware.
Modern operating systems ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and access the hardware
components directly. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. It is
specifically designed to work with each particular model of computer, interfacing with various devices
that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents
are stored on a flash memory chip so that the contents can be rewritten without removing the chip from
the motherboard. This allows BIOS software to be easily upgraded to add new features or fix bugs, but
can make the computer vulnerable to BIOS root kits.
CMOS:
CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information, but
more specifically, it is a RAM chip. This information ranges from the system time and date to system
hardware settings for your computer.
Types of slots used in motherboard
1. I/O slots
2. Memory slots
3. CPU slots [used only for slot type processor] Types of I/O slots
1. 8 bit ISA
2. 16 bit ISA
3. MCA
4. VESA
5. PCI
6. AGP
7. 32 bit EISA
Types of connectors used in motherboard
1. IDE connector
2. SATA connector
3. Floppy connector
4. Power supply connector
5. Keyboard connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
6. Mouse connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
7. VGA connector [Monitor data connector]
8. Parallel Port
9. Serial Port
10. Audio connector
11. LED connector
12. FAN connector
13. USB port
Aim:
To Identify and study the different parts of Motherboard, Power supply, Keyboard and monitors
Objective:
To examine the various components typically contained on the motherboard and Motherboard interface
connectors and internal headers.
Components Required: Different types of motherboards
Theory:-
Mother board (mobo) or the main board is the most important section in any computer system. No
computer system can operate without its motherboard. Motherboard is easily identified in the system by
its size or shape. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central
processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals
A PC motherboard contains numerous logic devices, memory chips and other electronic component and
circuits, in addition to it different expansion and RAM slots. Various components of the motherboard are
CPU, RAM BIOS, Cache memory, Buffer IC’s, Latch IC’s, numeric Co-processor, I/O interface
controllers, Logic chips, decoder and other electronic components such as transistors, diodes, capacitors,
resistors, crystal oscillators, jumpers, dip switches, various types of connectors and slots.
Motherboard Form Factor
The form factor refers to the physical dimensions (size and shape) as well as certain connector, screw
hole and other positions which also determine the type of case into which the board will fit into. AT and
ATX are the main form factors used by Intel. In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board Form Factor is
Micro ATX [8.60 inches x 9.60 inches]
Processor Socket
To make Processors user-installable and replaceable, Intel introduced CPU Sockets and Slots.
Older Sockets introduced with 486 processors were LIF Sockets (Low Insertion Force) and later Socket
design was turned into ZIF (Zero Insertion Force). With ZIF Socket Design, the processor could be easily
installed or removed with no tools. (No force is required). ZIF Sockets use a lever to engage or release
the grip on the chip, and with the lever released, the chip can be easily inserted or removed.
In INTEL D945GCPE Desktop Board uses the LGA 775 or Socket T CPU Socket
Chipsets
Chipset provides the support circuitry to CPU that makes a complete PC. The Chipset contains the
processor bus interface, memory controllers, I/O controllers etc. The chipset decides the features of
motherboard, the speed, type, and amount of memory, the type of expansion buses etc. Most of Intel’s
earlier Chipsets and other non-Intel Chipsets used the traditional Multitier North/South Bridge
Architecture. Later Intel introduced the Hub Architecture for its Chipsets. The Hub architecture based
Chipset consists of a Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) and an I/O Controller Hub (ICH). There
are two main variations on this hub interface. They are
1. AHA (Accelerated Hub Architecture) – Used by Intel’s 8xx series of Chipsets.
2. DMI (Direct Media Interface) – Used by Intel’s 9xx, 3x and 4x series chipsets.
Super I/O Chip
The Super I/O chip contains the following components
- Floppy Controller
- One or two Serial Ports
- Parallel Port Controller
- PS/2 Mouse and Keyboard Connectors
BIOS
The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to
load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device. The BIOS additionally provides
, abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e. a consistent way for application programs and operating systems to
interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are
hidden by the BIOS from programs that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware.
Modern operating systems ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and access the hardware
components directly. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. It is
specifically designed to work with each particular model of computer, interfacing with various devices
that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents
are stored on a flash memory chip so that the contents can be rewritten without removing the chip from
the motherboard. This allows BIOS software to be easily upgraded to add new features or fix bugs, but
can make the computer vulnerable to BIOS root kits.
CMOS:
CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information, but
more specifically, it is a RAM chip. This information ranges from the system time and date to system
hardware settings for your computer.
Types of slots used in motherboard
1. I/O slots
2. Memory slots
3. CPU slots [used only for slot type processor] Types of I/O slots
1. 8 bit ISA
2. 16 bit ISA
3. MCA
4. VESA
5. PCI
6. AGP
7. 32 bit EISA
Types of connectors used in motherboard
1. IDE connector
2. SATA connector
3. Floppy connector
4. Power supply connector
5. Keyboard connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
6. Mouse connector [ PS/2 or USB ]
7. VGA connector [Monitor data connector]
8. Parallel Port
9. Serial Port
10. Audio connector
11. LED connector
12. FAN connector
13. USB port
