ati teas 7 biology section
all cells contain
DNA and RNA and can synthesize proteins.
each cell consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Life begins as a single cell whether by
asexual or sexual reproduction
cells are grouped together by
tissues
tissues are grouped together by
organs
Organs are grouped together in:
systems
an organism is a
complete individual
Cells can be classified as
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
ribosomes
involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. they are numerous, making up
about one quarter of the cell. some cells contain thousands of ribosomes. some are
mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi complex
involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell
vacuoles
these are sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal.
vesicle
small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm.
Cytoskeleton
consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell
Microtubules
These are part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They are made of protein.
cytosol
liquid part of cytoplasm. contains some floating molecules
cytoplasm
refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane,
but not within the nucleus
cell membrane
defines the cell by acting as a barrier. it keeps cytoplasm in and substances located
outside the cell out. it also determines what exits and enters in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
, two types: rough and smooth.
comprises the transport system of a cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
has ribosomes on surface
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
does not have ribosomes on the surface
mitochondrion
-vary in size and quantity
-generates ATP
-involved in cell growth and death
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
intermediate fibers
mid-sized, low myoglobin, more capillaries than fast fibers, slower to fatigue
centrioles
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and
involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
Glycoproteins
A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane
osmosis
diffusion of water
hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
colligative property
A property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of the solute
particles.
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
primary active transport
Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.
all cells contain
DNA and RNA and can synthesize proteins.
each cell consists of
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Life begins as a single cell whether by
asexual or sexual reproduction
cells are grouped together by
tissues
tissues are grouped together by
organs
Organs are grouped together in:
systems
an organism is a
complete individual
Cells can be classified as
prokaryotic or eukaryotic
ribosomes
involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. they are numerous, making up
about one quarter of the cell. some cells contain thousands of ribosomes. some are
mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi complex
involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell
vacuoles
these are sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal.
vesicle
small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm.
Cytoskeleton
consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell
Microtubules
These are part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They are made of protein.
cytosol
liquid part of cytoplasm. contains some floating molecules
cytoplasm
refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane,
but not within the nucleus
cell membrane
defines the cell by acting as a barrier. it keeps cytoplasm in and substances located
outside the cell out. it also determines what exits and enters in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
, two types: rough and smooth.
comprises the transport system of a cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
has ribosomes on surface
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
does not have ribosomes on the surface
mitochondrion
-vary in size and quantity
-generates ATP
-involved in cell growth and death
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
intermediate fibers
mid-sized, low myoglobin, more capillaries than fast fibers, slower to fatigue
centrioles
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and
involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
Glycoproteins
A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane
osmosis
diffusion of water
hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
colligative property
A property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of the solute
particles.
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
primary active transport
Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.
