NEW 2023 NTRI 202 EXAM3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
Module 10 - Minerals
Describe the differences between macrominerals and microminerals.
• Macrominerals: present in greater amounts in the body & >100mg/day (calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sulfur)
• Microminerals (or trace minerals): only need small amounts in the body & <100 mg/day
(iron, copper, manganese, iodine)
Calcium:
a) Describe the process of blood calcium regulation when blood calcium becomes low.
• Blood levels of calcium is regulated by: vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
b) What are the functions of calcium in the body?
• Primary function is building and maintenance of bone, but also muscle contractions
and nerve transmission
c) Identify at least 3 good dietary sources of calcium.
• Dairy products (Milk), Canned Sardines, Broccoli (& other green leafy veggies)
List 3 modifiable and 3 non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis.
• Modifiable: diet, cigarettes, excess alcohol, medications
• Non-modifiable: female gender, older age, family history, caucasian
What are the primary functions of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in the body?
• Magnesium: component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone, maintenance of DNA and
RNA integrity, facilitates muscle contractions, ATP stabilization
• Phosphorus: facilitates enzyme function, ATP component, acid-base balance
,NEW 2023 NTRI 202 EXAM3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
• Sulfur: stored in amino acids methionine and cysteine, also in glutathione (strong antioxidant)
Identify 3 dietary sources of magnesium.
• Green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes, cereals, breads, unpolished grains, chocolate
What minerals are involved with bone health?
• Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
What is the primary storage form of sulfur in the body?
• In amino acids methionine and cysteine (sulfur in cysteine can bond to another cysteine to
form a bridge, or link
Iron:
a) Identify the role of iron in the body.
o Assist in delivery of oxygen to the tissues and cells, and iron is found in the
center of hemoglobin molecule
b) List the type of food sources (ie. animal or plant) that contain heme vs. non-heme iron.
o Heme: only found in meats, fish, shellfish, and poultry (more readily absorbed)
o Non-Heme: found in plant-based and enriched foods like, beans, cereals, dried fruit,
and green leafy veggies (less readily absorbed)
c) Describe absorption of iron in the body.
i) What factors can increase and what factors decrease iron absorption?
▪ Increase Iron Absorption: vitamin C and presence of meats, fish, poultry (MPF)
in diet
▪ Decrease Iron Absorption: tannins (coffee/tea), and phytates (whole
, NEW 2023 NTRI 202 EXAM3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
grains, seeds, nuts, legumes)
ii) What form of iron is most easily absorbed?
▪ Heme Iron: found in hemoglobin is most easily absorbed
d) Identify individuals with increased iron requirements.
o Pregnant Women have increased iron requirements (27 mg/day)
e) Identify the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide.
o Iron deficiency is the most common, widespread nutrient deficiency
f) What are potential causes of anemia?
o Cause of Anemia: Inadequate iron intake, iron absorption, copper deficiency, blood
loss, and by low iron stores or inability to use iron for hemoglobin synthesis
o Deficiency of vitamin B6, B12, and folate
g) List the blood tests used to screen for anemia. Which is the most sensitive to low iron stores?
o Lab Tests to screen for anemia:
▪ Hemoglobin
▪ Hematocrit: the percentage of blood that is composed of RBCs
▪ Ferritin: storage protein for iron; first to respond to low iron stores
▪ Transferrin Saturation: amount of iron transferrin in transporting in blood
h) What is the condition associated with iron toxicity? What is the cause of this condition?
o Some individuals can’t regulate amount of iron absorbed which results in dangerous levels of
iron build-up
o Genetic disorder that can cause iron toxicity is: Hemochromatosis
o Symptoms of Iron Toxicity: abnormal pain, fatigue, and depression
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
Module 10 - Minerals
Describe the differences between macrominerals and microminerals.
• Macrominerals: present in greater amounts in the body & >100mg/day (calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sulfur)
• Microminerals (or trace minerals): only need small amounts in the body & <100 mg/day
(iron, copper, manganese, iodine)
Calcium:
a) Describe the process of blood calcium regulation when blood calcium becomes low.
• Blood levels of calcium is regulated by: vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
b) What are the functions of calcium in the body?
• Primary function is building and maintenance of bone, but also muscle contractions
and nerve transmission
c) Identify at least 3 good dietary sources of calcium.
• Dairy products (Milk), Canned Sardines, Broccoli (& other green leafy veggies)
List 3 modifiable and 3 non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis.
• Modifiable: diet, cigarettes, excess alcohol, medications
• Non-modifiable: female gender, older age, family history, caucasian
What are the primary functions of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in the body?
• Magnesium: component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone, maintenance of DNA and
RNA integrity, facilitates muscle contractions, ATP stabilization
• Phosphorus: facilitates enzyme function, ATP component, acid-base balance
,NEW 2023 NTRI 202 EXAM3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
• Sulfur: stored in amino acids methionine and cysteine, also in glutathione (strong antioxidant)
Identify 3 dietary sources of magnesium.
• Green leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes, cereals, breads, unpolished grains, chocolate
What minerals are involved with bone health?
• Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
What is the primary storage form of sulfur in the body?
• In amino acids methionine and cysteine (sulfur in cysteine can bond to another cysteine to
form a bridge, or link
Iron:
a) Identify the role of iron in the body.
o Assist in delivery of oxygen to the tissues and cells, and iron is found in the
center of hemoglobin molecule
b) List the type of food sources (ie. animal or plant) that contain heme vs. non-heme iron.
o Heme: only found in meats, fish, shellfish, and poultry (more readily absorbed)
o Non-Heme: found in plant-based and enriched foods like, beans, cereals, dried fruit,
and green leafy veggies (less readily absorbed)
c) Describe absorption of iron in the body.
i) What factors can increase and what factors decrease iron absorption?
▪ Increase Iron Absorption: vitamin C and presence of meats, fish, poultry (MPF)
in diet
▪ Decrease Iron Absorption: tannins (coffee/tea), and phytates (whole
, NEW 2023 NTRI 202 EXAM3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ SUCCESS ASSUARED
grains, seeds, nuts, legumes)
ii) What form of iron is most easily absorbed?
▪ Heme Iron: found in hemoglobin is most easily absorbed
d) Identify individuals with increased iron requirements.
o Pregnant Women have increased iron requirements (27 mg/day)
e) Identify the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide.
o Iron deficiency is the most common, widespread nutrient deficiency
f) What are potential causes of anemia?
o Cause of Anemia: Inadequate iron intake, iron absorption, copper deficiency, blood
loss, and by low iron stores or inability to use iron for hemoglobin synthesis
o Deficiency of vitamin B6, B12, and folate
g) List the blood tests used to screen for anemia. Which is the most sensitive to low iron stores?
o Lab Tests to screen for anemia:
▪ Hemoglobin
▪ Hematocrit: the percentage of blood that is composed of RBCs
▪ Ferritin: storage protein for iron; first to respond to low iron stores
▪ Transferrin Saturation: amount of iron transferrin in transporting in blood
h) What is the condition associated with iron toxicity? What is the cause of this condition?
o Some individuals can’t regulate amount of iron absorbed which results in dangerous levels of
iron build-up
o Genetic disorder that can cause iron toxicity is: Hemochromatosis
o Symptoms of Iron Toxicity: abnormal pain, fatigue, and depression
