NURS,6666, EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS MAINLY ON KIDNEY
• What are changes that occur in the renal functions of pediatric patients?
i. Bladder empties by reflex mechanisms in the sacral spinal cord in infancy
ii. Cannot palpate kidneys in children
iii. Inability to fully concentrate urine at less than 2 years old
iv. The kidney reaches maturity at 2 years of age
v. ESRD in children is mostly from congenital disorders of the kidney
• When does kidney development occur and when do they start to function?
Development starts at the 5th-week gestation, begin to function at the 8th week,
and produces urine at 9-12 weeks.
• What is the main constituent of amniotic fluid?
Fetal urine
• When an organ fails to develop normally what is it called?
Dysgenesis
• At conception, kidneys do not form and no urine output is noted what is this called?
Potter syndrome-bilateral renal agenesis
• The organ fails to reach normal size but develops normally is called a?
Hypoplasia
• What are some characteristics of Potter syndrome?
Eyes widely separated, low set ears, nose broad and flat, receding chin, limb defects
• What is the prognosis of Potter syndrome?
This condition is incompatible with life pulmonary development does not occur.
• What is it called when the kidneys fuse and, in the pelvis instead of a regular spot
Horseshoe kidney
,• Describe the characteristics of a simple renal cyst.
Common, rarely cause dysfunction, congenital, hematuria, infection, and HTN can
occur.
• What is the most common acquired cystic kidney disease?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 50% leads to ESRD from polycystin
mutation
• What happens to the epithelial cells in ADPKD?
ADPKD is an inherited condition, and the etiology is thought to involve cysts arising in
segments of the renal tubules from a few epithelial cells that proliferate abnormally.
• What is a predictor that ADPKD is worsening?
Increasing albuminuria, gross hematuria, HTN
• How will you know a child has ARPKD?
Infants have large flank mass, or kidneys, renal failure, respiratory complications,
portal hypertension, and liver fibrosis.
• What is a reliable test for the worsening of polycystic kidney disease?
UAE
• Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic causes of urinary tract obstructions.
Intrinsic occurs inside the urinary tract, extrinsic are factors outside of the urinary
tract.
• What are some damaging effects of urinary obstruction?
Stasis of urine, increase infection, stone formation, destruction of the medulla,
hydronephrosis
• What is it when urine filled the dilation of the renal pelvis and chalices?
Hydronephrosis
• What causes a renal stone?
, includes diet, but also many other metabolic and endocrine factors, among others.
• What is a nidus and how does it cause stone formation?
Is the nucleus that promotes the formation of a stone, which could be a scar,
or an inflammatory response that occurred in the kidney.
• What type of environment supports stone formation?
Supersaturated urine with solutes that can crystalize and form around the nidus
• What two substances inhibit stone formation, in low levels of them stones can form.
Magnesium, and citrate.
• What is the most common type of kidney stones?
Oxalate or phosphate, when too much binds with calcium present such as renal
tubular necrosis to create stones.
• What are some conditions that lead to increased calcium and stone formation?
Decreased mobility, renal tubular necrosis, bone disease
• When do magnesium ammonium phosphate stones occur?
Only in an alkaline urine pH> 7``
• In what patients are uric acid stones found?
In patient with gout, urine pH is < 6.5
• What is the clinical presentation of ureter stones?
Colic pain that comes and goes, Classic ureteral colic is manifested by acute,
intermittent, and excruciating pain in the flank and upper outer quadrant of the
abdomen on the affected side. The pain may radiate to the lower abdominal
quadrant, bladder area, perineum, or scrotum in the man.
• What is the hallmark sign for colic ureteral stones?
Microscopic blood inside the urine
• Non-colicky pain of kidney stones is found in what region?
In the renal pelvis
• What are changes that occur in the renal functions of pediatric patients?
i. Bladder empties by reflex mechanisms in the sacral spinal cord in infancy
ii. Cannot palpate kidneys in children
iii. Inability to fully concentrate urine at less than 2 years old
iv. The kidney reaches maturity at 2 years of age
v. ESRD in children is mostly from congenital disorders of the kidney
• When does kidney development occur and when do they start to function?
Development starts at the 5th-week gestation, begin to function at the 8th week,
and produces urine at 9-12 weeks.
• What is the main constituent of amniotic fluid?
Fetal urine
• When an organ fails to develop normally what is it called?
Dysgenesis
• At conception, kidneys do not form and no urine output is noted what is this called?
Potter syndrome-bilateral renal agenesis
• The organ fails to reach normal size but develops normally is called a?
Hypoplasia
• What are some characteristics of Potter syndrome?
Eyes widely separated, low set ears, nose broad and flat, receding chin, limb defects
• What is the prognosis of Potter syndrome?
This condition is incompatible with life pulmonary development does not occur.
• What is it called when the kidneys fuse and, in the pelvis instead of a regular spot
Horseshoe kidney
,• Describe the characteristics of a simple renal cyst.
Common, rarely cause dysfunction, congenital, hematuria, infection, and HTN can
occur.
• What is the most common acquired cystic kidney disease?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 50% leads to ESRD from polycystin
mutation
• What happens to the epithelial cells in ADPKD?
ADPKD is an inherited condition, and the etiology is thought to involve cysts arising in
segments of the renal tubules from a few epithelial cells that proliferate abnormally.
• What is a predictor that ADPKD is worsening?
Increasing albuminuria, gross hematuria, HTN
• How will you know a child has ARPKD?
Infants have large flank mass, or kidneys, renal failure, respiratory complications,
portal hypertension, and liver fibrosis.
• What is a reliable test for the worsening of polycystic kidney disease?
UAE
• Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic causes of urinary tract obstructions.
Intrinsic occurs inside the urinary tract, extrinsic are factors outside of the urinary
tract.
• What are some damaging effects of urinary obstruction?
Stasis of urine, increase infection, stone formation, destruction of the medulla,
hydronephrosis
• What is it when urine filled the dilation of the renal pelvis and chalices?
Hydronephrosis
• What causes a renal stone?
, includes diet, but also many other metabolic and endocrine factors, among others.
• What is a nidus and how does it cause stone formation?
Is the nucleus that promotes the formation of a stone, which could be a scar,
or an inflammatory response that occurred in the kidney.
• What type of environment supports stone formation?
Supersaturated urine with solutes that can crystalize and form around the nidus
• What two substances inhibit stone formation, in low levels of them stones can form.
Magnesium, and citrate.
• What is the most common type of kidney stones?
Oxalate or phosphate, when too much binds with calcium present such as renal
tubular necrosis to create stones.
• What are some conditions that lead to increased calcium and stone formation?
Decreased mobility, renal tubular necrosis, bone disease
• When do magnesium ammonium phosphate stones occur?
Only in an alkaline urine pH> 7``
• In what patients are uric acid stones found?
In patient with gout, urine pH is < 6.5
• What is the clinical presentation of ureter stones?
Colic pain that comes and goes, Classic ureteral colic is manifested by acute,
intermittent, and excruciating pain in the flank and upper outer quadrant of the
abdomen on the affected side. The pain may radiate to the lower abdominal
quadrant, bladder area, perineum, or scrotum in the man.
• What is the hallmark sign for colic ureteral stones?
Microscopic blood inside the urine
• Non-colicky pain of kidney stones is found in what region?
In the renal pelvis
