Portage Final Exam BIOD 171 (Latest)
2023 Questions and Answers; Scored
110/120
Microbiology is the study of what? - Correct Answers Microbiology is the study of
microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life - Correct Answers cell
What is a macromolecule? - Correct Answers A macromolecule is classified as a
complex molecule that is composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? - Correct Answers Proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids and carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Correct Answers Proteins may
facilitate the movement of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that
catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes. Others play a structural role while other
proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Correct Answers There
are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic
acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the
cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the
inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the
hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of? - Correct Answers The
plasma membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of
the cell from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma membrane also restricts
the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus
allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the
escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids
(hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of carbohydrates? - Correct Answers
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples would
include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
, What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - Correct
Answers Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell
that contains the genetic material. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be
further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
What are the main morphologies of bacteria? - Correct Answers Bacteria can be
described as coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum
(spiral/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Correct Answers Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? - Correct Answers Eukaryotic
microorganisms are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or
Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Correct Answers No.
Viruses are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered
living and do not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Correct Answers The
cell membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning
they contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Correct Answers Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein
synthesis), Golgi (protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal),
mitochondria (ATP generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
What is cellular metabolism? - Correct Answers Metabolism is a controlled set of
biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - Correct
Answers Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not
consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can
also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor,
enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - Correct Answers
Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources
whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller
2023 Questions and Answers; Scored
110/120
Microbiology is the study of what? - Correct Answers Microbiology is the study of
microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life - Correct Answers cell
What is a macromolecule? - Correct Answers A macromolecule is classified as a
complex molecule that is composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? - Correct Answers Proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids and carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Correct Answers Proteins may
facilitate the movement of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that
catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes. Others play a structural role while other
proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Correct Answers There
are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic
acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the
cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the
inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the
hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of? - Correct Answers The
plasma membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of
the cell from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma membrane also restricts
the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus
allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the
escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids
(hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of carbohydrates? - Correct Answers
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples would
include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
, What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - Correct
Answers Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell
that contains the genetic material. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be
further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
What are the main morphologies of bacteria? - Correct Answers Bacteria can be
described as coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum
(spiral/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Correct Answers Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? - Correct Answers Eukaryotic
microorganisms are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or
Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Correct Answers No.
Viruses are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered
living and do not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Correct Answers The
cell membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning
they contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Correct Answers Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein
synthesis), Golgi (protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal),
mitochondria (ATP generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
What is cellular metabolism? - Correct Answers Metabolism is a controlled set of
biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - Correct
Answers Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not
consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can
also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor,
enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - Correct Answers
Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources
whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller
