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Summary Quantum mechanics physics

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Quantum mechanics physics

Institution
Course

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Quantum Mechanics

Richard Fitzpatrick

Professor of Physics
The University of Texas at Austin



Contents
1 Introduction 5
1.1 Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Major Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Aim of Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Outline of Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Probability Theory 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 What is Probability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Combining Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Continuous Probability Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Wave-Particle Duality 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Wavefunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Plane Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Representation of Waves via Complex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Classical Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.6 Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.7 Quantum Theory of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8 Classical Interference of Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.9 Quantum Interference of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.10 Classical Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.11 Quantum Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.12 Wave Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

,2 QUANTUM MECHANICS

3.13 Evolution of Wave Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.14 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.15 Schrödinger’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.16 Collapse of the Wave Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4 Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics 39
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2 Schrödinger’s Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Normalization of the Wavefunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4 Expectation Values and Variances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.5 Ehrenfest’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.6 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.7 Momentum Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.8 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.9 Eigenstates and Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.10 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.11 Continuous Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.12 Stationary States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

5 One-Dimensional Potentials 63
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Infinite Potential Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3 Square Potential Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.4 WKB Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.5 Cold Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.6 Alpha Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.7 Square Potential Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.8 Simple Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6 Multi-Particle Systems 85
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.3 Non-Interacting Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.4 Two-Particle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.5 Identical Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

7 Three-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics 93
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.2 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.3 Particle in a Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.4 Degenerate Electron Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.5 White-Dwarf Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

,CONTENTS 3

8 Orbital Angular Momentum 103
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.2 Angular Momentum Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.3 Representation of Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.4 Eigenstates of Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8.5 Eigenvalues of Lz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.6 Eigenvalues of L2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.7 Spherical Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

9 Central Potentials 115
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.2 Derivation of Radial Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
9.3 Infinite Spherical Potential Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.4 Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
9.5 Rydberg Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

10 Spin Angular Momentum 129
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.2 Spin Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.3 Spin Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10.4 Eigenstates of Sz and S2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.5 Pauli Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10.6 Spin Precession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

11 Addition of Angular Momentum 141
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11.2 General Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11.3 Angular Momentum in the Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
11.4 Two Spin One-Half Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

12 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory 151
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
12.2 Improved Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
12.3 Two-State System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
12.4 Non-Degenerate Perturbation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
12.5 Quadratic Stark Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
12.6 Degenerate Perturbation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12.7 Linear Stark Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
12.8 Fine Structure of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
12.9 Zeeman Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12.10 Hyperfine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

13 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 175

, 4 QUANTUM MECHANICS

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
13.2 Preliminary Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
13.3 Two-State System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
13.4 Spin Magnetic Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.5 Perturbation Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
13.6 Harmonic Perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
13.7 Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
13.8 Electric Dipole Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
13.9 Spontaneous Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
13.10 Radiation from a Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
13.11 Selection Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.12 2P → 1S Transitions in Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
13.13 Intensity Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
13.14 Forbidden Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

14 Variational Methods 197
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
14.2 Variational Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
14.3 Helium Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
14.4 Hydrogen Molecule Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

15 Scattering Theory 209
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
15.2 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
15.3 Born Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
15.4 Partial Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
15.5 Determination of Phase-Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
15.6 Hard Sphere Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
15.7 Low Energy Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
15.8 Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

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