HSC Core: ParentingandCaring
Becoming a Types of parents and carers
parent or - biological parents
carer Describe the different types of parents and carers
Biological Parents: One who contributes genetic material as a result of sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technologies
Carer: caring involves meeting the needs of a dependant that may or may not be related
Planned pregnancy: parents discuss and plan on becoming pregnant so it can have better outcomes for the child.
⇾ They can adapt their lifestyle and become prepared for the changes that come with having a baby.
Unplanned pregnancies: can be a result of not using contraception, failed contraception, being careless, poor knowledge of the fertility cycle or a tragic circumstance
of rape.
⇾ Unplanned pregnancies can leave the parents confused and unsure of whom to ask for help and support → can lead to pregnancy termination or adoption.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies:
Doctors usually investigate after a couple has failed to conceive after one year. Some reasons for infertility include:
⇾ the age of the mother (egg quality declines at 40+)
⇾ damage to the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes from a medical condition
- e.g. endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or an ectopic pregnancy
⇾ untreated STDs e.g. chlamydia
⇾ poor quality or insufficient sperm (male infertility)
⇾ alcohol or drug abuse
⇾ cervical mucus
GIFT – Gamete ⇾ Some people prefer GIFT as conception occurs inside the body and not in a laboratory
Intrafallopian ⇾ A woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate the growth of a number of eggs in the ovaries
Transfer ⇾ The eggs are collected under local anaesthetic, combined with a prepared sample of sperm (partner or donor) and are returned to the
fallopian tube.
⇾ Hopefully one egg will fertilise, move to implant in the uterus wall and develop into a normal pregnancy.
⇾ GIFT is seldom used due to the increased acceptance and success of other methods.
OI-IUI – ⇾ This process used to be known as Artificial Insemination
Ovulation ⇾ The woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate her ovaries to produce ONE quality egg
Induction and ⇾ This egg is monitored by ultrasound and once it is an acceptable size, the woman is given a trigger hormone to release the egg from
the ovary.
, IntraUterine ⇾ A prepared sample of sperm (from partner or donor) is injected into the uterus in the hope that it will travel, meet the egg in the
Insemination fallopian tube and fertilise it.
⇾ If successful. The fertilised egg will implant into the uterus wall and develop into a normal pregnancy.
⇾ This process is preferred by some religions as fertilisation occurs inside the body.
IVF – In Vitro (in ⇾ Fertilisation occurs outside of the body
glass) Fertilisation ⇾ Costs around $4800 minimum per cycle and has a success rate of 25-35% depending on the expertise of the clinic, age and quality of
sperm
⇾ A woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate her ovaries to produce multiple eggs. These are monitored every few days by blood
tests and ultrasounds
⇾ The eggs are retrieved during surgery under a local anaesthetic and combined with a prepared sample of sperm (her partners or
donors)
⇾ Some eggs may fertilise and grow into blastocysts and then embryos
⇾ Usually the most viable embryo is selected to be transferred into the woman’s uterus between 3-5 days later
⇾ The woman continues to insert hormones into to vagina for a further 2 weeks to assist in developing into a normal pregnancy which
will be monitored.
⇾ Spare embryos that are of good quality can be frozen for use in the future.
IVF with ICSI This process is used for males who have a very low sperm count or couples who have had many unsuccessful IVF attempts
(IntraCytoplasmic ⇾ ICSI is the same process as IVF except that the sperm is injected directly into the egg.
Sperm Injection) ⇾ ICSI has a greater risk of the child developing birth defects because of the egg being injected.
- Social parents (FASS)
- Fostering
- Adoption
- Step-parenting
- Surrogacy
Explore the impact of legal, social and technological change on social parents by considering changes in:
- Legislation
- community beliefs and attitudes
- reproductive technology
Social parent: One who has parental responsibilities for a child they do not share a genetic relationship with
, - Fostering
Fostering is an arrangement when a person or couple becomes the temporary (emergency, respite, short medium, long term) parent or carer of a child/ren who are unable
to live with their own family.
⇾ one of the hardest forms of parenting as the child/ren are usually at risk of harm, their basic physical and emotional needs are not being met
⇾ Child may be at risk of neglect or abuse, exposed to domestic violence, their parents may have physical or mental health issues or they may be in prison.
⇾ Foster parenting is voluntary, but they are paid an allowance to help them meet the needs of the child.
Legal Implications (legislation) Social Implications Technological (Reproductive
(Community beliefs and attitudes) technology)
⇾ There are over 40 ⇾ Has become more acceptable in society. ⇾ Social media and technology
non-government organisations ⇾ Foster families can feel like they are giving back to the community allow children to stay in contact
in NSW that look after or making a difference to the child/ren. with their birth parents while they
fostering as well as Family and ⇾ Whether the fostering is for a brief or extended period, both the are in foster care
Community Services (FACS) parent and child/ren will experience highs, lows and challenging - e.g. Facetime, Skype,
⇾ Foster parents look after the situations. facebook, instagram etc.
day-to-day responsibilities but ⇾ Fostering allows the child/ren to have their needs met and to develop ⇾ Positive stories in the media
cannot make any legal trusting relationships about fostering have improved
decisions ⇾ Foster children can have emotional and behavioural difficulties. the stigma surrounding foster
- e.g. education, health - They may have to take out an AVO against their biological children.
care or legal parents. ⇾ There has been a decrease in the
proceedings. - These could cause stress and concern for the foster parents. number of children requiring
⇾ The biological parents have ⇾ Foster parents may become emotionally attached to the child/ren adoption as individuals can have
final say in how their child/ren ⇾ Issues can arise when the child returns to their family. their own biological child.
are raised, unless the courts ⇾ Children can be split up from other family members.
intervene. ⇾ New schools, family rules and situations can put unwanted stress on
the child/ren.
- Adoption
Adoption is a legal process that permanently transfers all legal rights.
⇾ The child/ren are no longer considered part of their biological family.
⇾ Adoptive parents are required to show that they can meet the needs of the child.
⇾ Between 2012-2013 there were only 210 local adoptions and 29 intercountry adoptions in Australia.
, Types of adoption:
⇾ Local
- Children 0-2 years old and the birth parents voluntarily decide to have their child adopted.
⇾ Permanent
- Children become the responsibility of Family and Community Services (FACS) because they are unable to remain in the care of their parents or family
members.
⇾ Out-of-home care
- It has been assessed that the child/ren cannot live with their parents or family members and are placed with authorised carers.
⇾ Intercountry
- Adoptions between Australia and a country that is a member of the Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of
Intercountry Adoption.
⇾ Intrafamily
- Adoption of a child who lives in NSW by a step-parent or relative.
Legal Implications (legislation) Social Implications Technological (Reproductive
(Community beliefs and attitudes) technology)
⇾ The birth certificate is permanently changed to ⇾ The adoptive parents may become concerned about ⇾ Improvements in contraception
remove the names of both biological parents telling their child that they were adopted. Open have lead to less children being
and replace them with the adoptive parent’s adoptions benefit both the child and parents. available for adoption.
names. ⇾ The adopted child/ren may have trouble developing ⇾ Improvements in reproductive
⇾ The birth parents no longer have any legal a sense of identity, particularly if they have been technology have meant more
obligations or responsibilities towards the part of an overseas adoption. people can have their own
child. ⇾ It is not always possible for the birth parents to be biological child.
⇾ If they change their mind later, they cannot part of the adopted child’s life (they may not want ⇾ People undertaking fertility
simply just take their child back. to, may not be able to be located or they may be treatment are not eligible to apply
⇾ Adoptive parents gain full legal rights and deceased). to adopt a child.
responsibilities to make all decisions relating to ⇾ It is more socially acceptable to adopt because of ⇾ People can access a legal
their adoptive child/ren. celebrities including Angelina Jolie, Madonna, termination 0of pregnancy, which
⇾ The birth parents can only receive information Nicole Kidman and Debra-Lee Furness. means less children are available
about the child or contact them with the Family ⇾ The process is long and exhaustive. for adoption.
Court’s permission. ⇾ Adoption is generally not accepted in Aboriginal ⇾ Access to records from the
communities Registry of Births, Deaths and
Becoming a Types of parents and carers
parent or - biological parents
carer Describe the different types of parents and carers
Biological Parents: One who contributes genetic material as a result of sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technologies
Carer: caring involves meeting the needs of a dependant that may or may not be related
Planned pregnancy: parents discuss and plan on becoming pregnant so it can have better outcomes for the child.
⇾ They can adapt their lifestyle and become prepared for the changes that come with having a baby.
Unplanned pregnancies: can be a result of not using contraception, failed contraception, being careless, poor knowledge of the fertility cycle or a tragic circumstance
of rape.
⇾ Unplanned pregnancies can leave the parents confused and unsure of whom to ask for help and support → can lead to pregnancy termination or adoption.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies:
Doctors usually investigate after a couple has failed to conceive after one year. Some reasons for infertility include:
⇾ the age of the mother (egg quality declines at 40+)
⇾ damage to the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes from a medical condition
- e.g. endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or an ectopic pregnancy
⇾ untreated STDs e.g. chlamydia
⇾ poor quality or insufficient sperm (male infertility)
⇾ alcohol or drug abuse
⇾ cervical mucus
GIFT – Gamete ⇾ Some people prefer GIFT as conception occurs inside the body and not in a laboratory
Intrafallopian ⇾ A woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate the growth of a number of eggs in the ovaries
Transfer ⇾ The eggs are collected under local anaesthetic, combined with a prepared sample of sperm (partner or donor) and are returned to the
fallopian tube.
⇾ Hopefully one egg will fertilise, move to implant in the uterus wall and develop into a normal pregnancy.
⇾ GIFT is seldom used due to the increased acceptance and success of other methods.
OI-IUI – ⇾ This process used to be known as Artificial Insemination
Ovulation ⇾ The woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate her ovaries to produce ONE quality egg
Induction and ⇾ This egg is monitored by ultrasound and once it is an acceptable size, the woman is given a trigger hormone to release the egg from
the ovary.
, IntraUterine ⇾ A prepared sample of sperm (from partner or donor) is injected into the uterus in the hope that it will travel, meet the egg in the
Insemination fallopian tube and fertilise it.
⇾ If successful. The fertilised egg will implant into the uterus wall and develop into a normal pregnancy.
⇾ This process is preferred by some religions as fertilisation occurs inside the body.
IVF – In Vitro (in ⇾ Fertilisation occurs outside of the body
glass) Fertilisation ⇾ Costs around $4800 minimum per cycle and has a success rate of 25-35% depending on the expertise of the clinic, age and quality of
sperm
⇾ A woman is given fertility drugs that stimulate her ovaries to produce multiple eggs. These are monitored every few days by blood
tests and ultrasounds
⇾ The eggs are retrieved during surgery under a local anaesthetic and combined with a prepared sample of sperm (her partners or
donors)
⇾ Some eggs may fertilise and grow into blastocysts and then embryos
⇾ Usually the most viable embryo is selected to be transferred into the woman’s uterus between 3-5 days later
⇾ The woman continues to insert hormones into to vagina for a further 2 weeks to assist in developing into a normal pregnancy which
will be monitored.
⇾ Spare embryos that are of good quality can be frozen for use in the future.
IVF with ICSI This process is used for males who have a very low sperm count or couples who have had many unsuccessful IVF attempts
(IntraCytoplasmic ⇾ ICSI is the same process as IVF except that the sperm is injected directly into the egg.
Sperm Injection) ⇾ ICSI has a greater risk of the child developing birth defects because of the egg being injected.
- Social parents (FASS)
- Fostering
- Adoption
- Step-parenting
- Surrogacy
Explore the impact of legal, social and technological change on social parents by considering changes in:
- Legislation
- community beliefs and attitudes
- reproductive technology
Social parent: One who has parental responsibilities for a child they do not share a genetic relationship with
, - Fostering
Fostering is an arrangement when a person or couple becomes the temporary (emergency, respite, short medium, long term) parent or carer of a child/ren who are unable
to live with their own family.
⇾ one of the hardest forms of parenting as the child/ren are usually at risk of harm, their basic physical and emotional needs are not being met
⇾ Child may be at risk of neglect or abuse, exposed to domestic violence, their parents may have physical or mental health issues or they may be in prison.
⇾ Foster parenting is voluntary, but they are paid an allowance to help them meet the needs of the child.
Legal Implications (legislation) Social Implications Technological (Reproductive
(Community beliefs and attitudes) technology)
⇾ There are over 40 ⇾ Has become more acceptable in society. ⇾ Social media and technology
non-government organisations ⇾ Foster families can feel like they are giving back to the community allow children to stay in contact
in NSW that look after or making a difference to the child/ren. with their birth parents while they
fostering as well as Family and ⇾ Whether the fostering is for a brief or extended period, both the are in foster care
Community Services (FACS) parent and child/ren will experience highs, lows and challenging - e.g. Facetime, Skype,
⇾ Foster parents look after the situations. facebook, instagram etc.
day-to-day responsibilities but ⇾ Fostering allows the child/ren to have their needs met and to develop ⇾ Positive stories in the media
cannot make any legal trusting relationships about fostering have improved
decisions ⇾ Foster children can have emotional and behavioural difficulties. the stigma surrounding foster
- e.g. education, health - They may have to take out an AVO against their biological children.
care or legal parents. ⇾ There has been a decrease in the
proceedings. - These could cause stress and concern for the foster parents. number of children requiring
⇾ The biological parents have ⇾ Foster parents may become emotionally attached to the child/ren adoption as individuals can have
final say in how their child/ren ⇾ Issues can arise when the child returns to their family. their own biological child.
are raised, unless the courts ⇾ Children can be split up from other family members.
intervene. ⇾ New schools, family rules and situations can put unwanted stress on
the child/ren.
- Adoption
Adoption is a legal process that permanently transfers all legal rights.
⇾ The child/ren are no longer considered part of their biological family.
⇾ Adoptive parents are required to show that they can meet the needs of the child.
⇾ Between 2012-2013 there were only 210 local adoptions and 29 intercountry adoptions in Australia.
, Types of adoption:
⇾ Local
- Children 0-2 years old and the birth parents voluntarily decide to have their child adopted.
⇾ Permanent
- Children become the responsibility of Family and Community Services (FACS) because they are unable to remain in the care of their parents or family
members.
⇾ Out-of-home care
- It has been assessed that the child/ren cannot live with their parents or family members and are placed with authorised carers.
⇾ Intercountry
- Adoptions between Australia and a country that is a member of the Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of
Intercountry Adoption.
⇾ Intrafamily
- Adoption of a child who lives in NSW by a step-parent or relative.
Legal Implications (legislation) Social Implications Technological (Reproductive
(Community beliefs and attitudes) technology)
⇾ The birth certificate is permanently changed to ⇾ The adoptive parents may become concerned about ⇾ Improvements in contraception
remove the names of both biological parents telling their child that they were adopted. Open have lead to less children being
and replace them with the adoptive parent’s adoptions benefit both the child and parents. available for adoption.
names. ⇾ The adopted child/ren may have trouble developing ⇾ Improvements in reproductive
⇾ The birth parents no longer have any legal a sense of identity, particularly if they have been technology have meant more
obligations or responsibilities towards the part of an overseas adoption. people can have their own
child. ⇾ It is not always possible for the birth parents to be biological child.
⇾ If they change their mind later, they cannot part of the adopted child’s life (they may not want ⇾ People undertaking fertility
simply just take their child back. to, may not be able to be located or they may be treatment are not eligible to apply
⇾ Adoptive parents gain full legal rights and deceased). to adopt a child.
responsibilities to make all decisions relating to ⇾ It is more socially acceptable to adopt because of ⇾ People can access a legal
their adoptive child/ren. celebrities including Angelina Jolie, Madonna, termination 0of pregnancy, which
⇾ The birth parents can only receive information Nicole Kidman and Debra-Lee Furness. means less children are available
about the child or contact them with the Family ⇾ The process is long and exhaustive. for adoption.
Court’s permission. ⇾ Adoption is generally not accepted in Aboriginal ⇾ Access to records from the
communities Registry of Births, Deaths and
