Soul Beliefs Exam 2 Questions and Answers 2023 with
complete solution
What does Unpleasantness in Vermont teach us about the Frontal Lobe?
It teaches us that damage to the frontal lobe effects decision making and planning (EX:
Phineas Gage). In Gage's case, planning and making decisions was effected, but his
movement and sensory abilities recovered almost fully.
cultural worldview
Provide beliefs about the nature of reality that assuage our anxiety associated with the
awareness of death
self-esteem
the belief that one is a valuable contributor to the universe
anxiety buffer
two components:
-faith in a meaningful conception of reality(the cultural worldview)(religion)(occupying
valued roles)
-belief that one is meeting the standards of value prescribed by that worldview (self-
esteem)(close interpersonal connections)
mortality salience
asking people to ponder their own mortality
worldview defence
our exaggerated defense of similar and different others following mortality salience (we
like people who have the same beliefs as us and dislike people who do not)
five mitigating factors
-worldviews that value tolerance
-self-esteem (not narcissism)
-common humanity: we are family
-teach these souls to fly! (feel invulnerable; immortal if you imagine yourself flying)
-"There is only one liberty, to come to terms with death. After which, everything is
possible"
Otto Rank
"only human beings make the unreal real"
Proposed that humans create the soul to compensate for the fact that they do not like
being labeled as just physical beings
Ernst Becker
-cultural anthropologist
-wrote about the nature of the soul
-motivational perspective: why do people do the things they do when they do them
-4 assumptions:
-cast intellectual net as widely as possible in a big idea
-consider all ideas but not all ideas are created equally (some are better than others; we
must test our ideas)
-practical; ideas are interesting and useful
-position all ideas in the direction of Darwin's theory of natural selection
-3 facts that scare humans: I will someday die, I can die at anytime, I am a breathing
, piece of meat (animal)
said that humans are unique because we can imagine things that don't exist and realize
them to alter our realities all thanks to our forebrain
Variables on TMT studies
-Anxiety and Self-Esteem
-Death vs. Uncomfortable/unpleasant experiences (then; rate how much they like other
people in the room based on whether they had the same religious beliefs) (reminders of
death alter your opinions on people around you)
Olgilvie's Variables:
-independent variables(being manipulated): death salience and exam salience
instruction, at best salience, at worst salience
-dependent variables: support the president survey
under the threat of death you endorse your cultural values. Hence, people who
wrote about death supported bombing people who killed people in their culture
Self-discrepancy Score
the correspondence between the real self (who we are at that time) and the ideal self
(how they want to be)
Ideal Self
-who we want to be
-begins with Freud; internalized notion of who we would like to be
-males: identify with the father with the prospects of marrying someone like their mother
(vise versa with girls)
-push from the past
-Adler: "pulled by the future" (ideal self represents goals)
-there will be tension if we reach our ideal self(why we continue to make new goals)
-happiness and sadness provoking
Undesired Self
-more likely to be based on real experiences
-good assessment of the real self
-me at my worst
-related more closely to satisfaction
-better understanding for self evaluation: we have already been in the undesired self,
we never reach the ideal self
Self-actualization
-maslow and rogers
-prepared to expand ourselves and be who we really are but we can turn our self
evaluation over to other people
-develop a false self
Ought Self
-Higgins
-how you should be
-internalized superego (parent)
-"shame on you, you shouldn't have done that"
-"Thou Shall Not"
-anxiety provoking
complete solution
What does Unpleasantness in Vermont teach us about the Frontal Lobe?
It teaches us that damage to the frontal lobe effects decision making and planning (EX:
Phineas Gage). In Gage's case, planning and making decisions was effected, but his
movement and sensory abilities recovered almost fully.
cultural worldview
Provide beliefs about the nature of reality that assuage our anxiety associated with the
awareness of death
self-esteem
the belief that one is a valuable contributor to the universe
anxiety buffer
two components:
-faith in a meaningful conception of reality(the cultural worldview)(religion)(occupying
valued roles)
-belief that one is meeting the standards of value prescribed by that worldview (self-
esteem)(close interpersonal connections)
mortality salience
asking people to ponder their own mortality
worldview defence
our exaggerated defense of similar and different others following mortality salience (we
like people who have the same beliefs as us and dislike people who do not)
five mitigating factors
-worldviews that value tolerance
-self-esteem (not narcissism)
-common humanity: we are family
-teach these souls to fly! (feel invulnerable; immortal if you imagine yourself flying)
-"There is only one liberty, to come to terms with death. After which, everything is
possible"
Otto Rank
"only human beings make the unreal real"
Proposed that humans create the soul to compensate for the fact that they do not like
being labeled as just physical beings
Ernst Becker
-cultural anthropologist
-wrote about the nature of the soul
-motivational perspective: why do people do the things they do when they do them
-4 assumptions:
-cast intellectual net as widely as possible in a big idea
-consider all ideas but not all ideas are created equally (some are better than others; we
must test our ideas)
-practical; ideas are interesting and useful
-position all ideas in the direction of Darwin's theory of natural selection
-3 facts that scare humans: I will someday die, I can die at anytime, I am a breathing
, piece of meat (animal)
said that humans are unique because we can imagine things that don't exist and realize
them to alter our realities all thanks to our forebrain
Variables on TMT studies
-Anxiety and Self-Esteem
-Death vs. Uncomfortable/unpleasant experiences (then; rate how much they like other
people in the room based on whether they had the same religious beliefs) (reminders of
death alter your opinions on people around you)
Olgilvie's Variables:
-independent variables(being manipulated): death salience and exam salience
instruction, at best salience, at worst salience
-dependent variables: support the president survey
under the threat of death you endorse your cultural values. Hence, people who
wrote about death supported bombing people who killed people in their culture
Self-discrepancy Score
the correspondence between the real self (who we are at that time) and the ideal self
(how they want to be)
Ideal Self
-who we want to be
-begins with Freud; internalized notion of who we would like to be
-males: identify with the father with the prospects of marrying someone like their mother
(vise versa with girls)
-push from the past
-Adler: "pulled by the future" (ideal self represents goals)
-there will be tension if we reach our ideal self(why we continue to make new goals)
-happiness and sadness provoking
Undesired Self
-more likely to be based on real experiences
-good assessment of the real self
-me at my worst
-related more closely to satisfaction
-better understanding for self evaluation: we have already been in the undesired self,
we never reach the ideal self
Self-actualization
-maslow and rogers
-prepared to expand ourselves and be who we really are but we can turn our self
evaluation over to other people
-develop a false self
Ought Self
-Higgins
-how you should be
-internalized superego (parent)
-"shame on you, you shouldn't have done that"
-"Thou Shall Not"
-anxiety provoking
