NCE Exam questions & answers 2023/2024 latest update

NCE Exam questions & answers 2023/2024 latest updateNCE Exam questions & answers 2023/2024 latest update cognitive dissonance - Correct Answer-motivation to reduce discomfort (dissonance) caused by inconsistency in attitude and behavior bystander effect - Correct Answer-the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help psycho-social theory - Correct Answer-the belief that social interactions are more important than sexual drives in personality development (ex. Erikson's Eight Stages) psychodynamic theory - Correct Answer-Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces ego psychologists - Correct Answer-believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Id - Correct Answer-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Erik Erikson - Correct Answer-neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" ego - Correct Answer-the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. relativistic thinking - Correct Answer-the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer (gray area) Kegan - Correct Answer-the model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct realist throughout the life span. Piaget - Correct Answer-Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. Piaget - Correct Answer-findings based on his own children conservation - Correct Answer-the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects concrete operational stage - Correct Answer-in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Lev Vygotsky's Theory - Correct Answer-stages unfold due to educational intervention Reversibility - Correct Answer-one can undo an action (a glass of water) can return to its initial shape Egocentrism - Correct Answer-in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Kohlberg - Correct Answer-3 levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) Heinz Dilemma - Correct Answer-asks a participant to explain why he believes it is better to steal a drug to save a person's life or to obey the law by not stealing the drug (assess person's moral development) Heinz Dilemma - Correct Answer-is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered Identity Crisis - Correct Answer-(Erikson) state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent's sense of self becomes 'unglued' to achieve a new, more mature sense of self; the stage also involves more identification with peers trust vs. mistrust - Correct Answer-Erikson's 1st stage. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met. integrity vs. despair - Correct Answer-Erikson's 8th and final stage of psychosocial development is _____. Kohlberg's first stage of moral development - Correct Answer-preconventional level is guided by consequences Kohlberg's second stage of moral development - Correct Answer-a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform post conventional morality - Correct Answer-has self-imposed morals & ethics zone of proximal development - Correct Answer-difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. what they are capable of with a teacher (Vygotsky) Freud & Erikson - Correct Answer-could be classified as maturationists DBT (dialectical behavior therapy) - Correct Answer-focuses on mindfulness, created by Linehan; useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide also works with substance abuse issues John Bowlby - Correct Answer-bonding and attachment Which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? - Correct Answer-generativity vs stagnation Harry Harlow - Correct Answer-experiment on rhesus monkeys, showing the importance of bodily contact; "contact comfort" Males are better than females when performing math calculations is - Correct Answer-true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin (sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns than biology). They were only better in highschool and college intimacy vs. isolation - Correct Answer-Erikson's 6th stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys - Correct Answer-the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother (contact comfort is important in infant's development) Freud's Psychosexual Stages - Correct Answer-oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage In adolescence - Correct Answer-Males commit suicide more often than females. In the general US population - Correct Answer-suicide rates tend to increase with age. The fear of death - Correct Answer-is greatest during middle age. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor - Correct Answer-which evolves primarily during the oral stage When comparing girls to boys - Correct Answer-girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read ppl without verbal cues at any age. The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is - Correct Answer-latency (social interests replace sexual interests) In terms of parenting young children - Correct Answer-boys are punished more than girls Nature vs. Nurture - Correct Answer-Heredity vs. Environment Stage theorists assume - Correct Answer-qualitative changes between stages occur development - Correct Answer-is a continuous process which begins at conception Development is cephalocaudal - Correct Answer-head to foot (head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring and - Correct Answer-assumes a normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code Piaget's final stage, formal operational stage. In this stage - Correct Answer-abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. - Correct Answer-6;3 (Preconventional: punishment/obedience orientation & naive hedonism; Conventional: good girl/good boy & authority, law and order; Postconventional: social contract & morality of self-accepted principles) Person who lives by her conscience and universal ethical principles - Correct Answer-has reached Kohlberg's highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principals. Freud's Oedipus Complex - Correct Answer-is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur; occurs during phallic stage In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as - Correct Answer-Electra complex Eleanor Gibson - Correct Answer-The "visual cliff" experiment. Showed that depth perception cues are innate. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as - Correct Answer-Empiricists A empiricist view of development - Correct Answer-behavioristic Harlow: Frightened monkeys - Correct Answer-Ran over and clung to cloth and wire surrogate mothers. Contact was more important than milk and monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire mothers even when they both dispensed milk An only child - Correct Answer-According to Adler's birth order theory, a child who interacts well with adults, but has difficulty sharing and interacting cooperatively with peers is most commonly: The primary purpose of vocational intervention related to Cognitive Information Processing is: - Correct Answer-To provide situations that will develop the client's processing abilities Mark has been irritable all day for several days now. He is demanding, like a drill sergeant. He runs around day and night and can be heard barking orders and talking to no one in particular. Mark seems angry with a man he sometimes talks about who died many years back in the war, as though the man were with him now. Mark wants everyone in the house to address him as "First Sergeant," and he is purchasing large equipment for an obstacle course in the backyard. Mark is moving as if he has a motor propelling him inside. He doesn't need much sleep because he's so revved up. For the last few years, similar episodes have occurred. Mark has a history of depression as well. Mark's symptoms are consistent with a diagnosis of: - Correct Answer-Bipolar I Disorder, current episode manic, severe, with mood-congruent psychotic features Native Americans maintain a cultural value of harmony and balance in both one's environment and one's interpersonal relationships. What did Garrett and Garrett call this traditional value? - Correct Answer-Harmony ethic Beth says, "Well, it just isn't that big of a deal, we should move on," crosses her arms and looks at the ground. The group leader notes that she appears defensive in response to a group member's reflection to her and says, "I notice defensiveness in your response and body language. I wonder if you are caught up in the irrational belief we focused on last week, specifically 'I'm never going to be good enough'. Let's explore this further." The group leader has used: - Correct Answer-Immediacy is using the immediate situation with the client to explore what is occurring within the relationship(s). It reveals how the individual is thinking, feeling and perceiving, and may lead to the client's underlying issue. When you conduct research that compares "years of drinking" to "alcoholism" with groups matched for intelligence, sex, religion, etc., you have: - Correct Answer-An Ex Post Facto study investigates possible relationships among variables after the fact. The focus is on what has already occurred. It is classified as quasi-experimental and also is known as causal comparative research. Which of the following types of validity best describes the condition of a sample from a larger population being a true representation of that larger population? - Correct Answer-Content validity refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facts of a given social concept. If the condition of a sample from a larger population is to be a true representation of that larger population, then this validity would be best described as content validity. Which is true regarding the relationship between assimilation and accommodation with respect to Piaget's developmental theory? - Correct Answer-Assimilation involves adding new material and information to an existing schema; Accommodation is the process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information; for example, the way children alter their actions and perceptions so that they may think with more advanced and abstract levels of cognition. The concept of maturity in one's life vocation is expressed by: - Correct Answer-(Super), life roles have an impact on career choice. Super believed there are five vocational developmental tasks. As in other developmental systems, lower tasks must be resolved before higher tasks can be accomplished. Vocational maturity is the degree to which a person has completed these vocational developmental tasks. At what point can a child tell the difference between a stranger and someone he/she knows? - Correct Answer-Six months You have a client who is not doing too well in college and is working full time at a fast food restaurant. During her day job, she is doing well and has just been promoted to assistant manager. Her parents are not thrilled about her choice of jobs and would like to see her finish college. If you subscribed to Ginzberg's career development theory, what stage would you say your client is in? - Correct Answer-Ginzberg's career development theory has three stages: exploration (in a career but open to other opportunities), crystallization (committing to a particular career), and specification (developing a preference for a specific area of an occupation). What is an important and well-established risk factor for depression in older adults? - Correct Answer-Bereavement Your new client, 35-years-old, tells you that he's been having trouble staying focused, can't sleep, has muscle tension, and recognizes that he's been irritable for the past several months. Which assessment would help you to further assess these symptoms in order to establish a diagnosis? - Correct Answer-Beck Anxiety Inventory Yalom has a list of what he termed "curative factors" or "therapeutic factors" in group psychotherapy. He refers to the environment provided by groups which fosters effective and adaptive communication leading to increased interpersonal skills as the therapeutic factor of: - Correct Answer-Development of socializing techniques According to Diana Baumrind's, which parenting style is characterized by being warm and caring but providing little control, making few demands, and being nonpunitive toward children? - Correct Answer-Indulgent-permissive Nancy is leading a group session in which a member's behavior is impacting her, triggering both frustration and anger because of the constant complaints on issues from the type of tissues available, light bulbs used, weather, and traffic, to behaviors of sports figures and other current events. This group member's focus in treatment is on his experiences of rejection and struggles to maintain friendships and romantic relationships. As the group therapist, Nancy should: - Correct Answer-Let the group member know how he is affecting Nancy in a non-blaming manner In a study to see how drinking affects driving skills, what should the control group be given? - Correct Answer-No alcohol (placebo) You are interviewing a new client who has a potential substance abuse problem. Which assessment do you consider administering to this client to elicit more information about their presenting issues? - Correct Answer-The CAGE Questionnaire is a commonly used screening tool for drug and alcohol use. You have an idea that clients who were late to therapy sessions were in reality shy, but you're not sure. You decide to give two tests that measure "shyness" and "lateness" to all of your clients. If you want to look at the relationship of these two variables, you would use: - Correct Answer-When there are two measurements (variables) for each individual item in a study, the data is bivariate. In the case, the two variables are "shyness" and "lateness". Mrs. Robinson, who has lung cancer, will not accept the doctors' prognosis that she has three to six months to live. She is gathering information about current cancer research. According to the Kubler-Ross model, she is in the stage of: - Correct Answer-Denial is usually only a temporary defense for the individual. This feeling is replaced with heightened awareness of situations and individuals that will be left behind after death. Debra has several chaotic relationships in her life secondary to her long-standing pattern of alternating depressive and hypomanic symptoms that give rise to discord and unrest. Debra's symptoms have been present for many years. Her diagnosis is most consistent with: - Correct Answer-Cyclothymic Disorder is characteristic of alternating depressive and hypomanic symptoms over time, so that's the best choice for Debra. When you compare the outcome of a test with outcomes of other tests that have been around for a period of time, you are looking at what type of validity? - Correct Answer-Concurrent validity is demonstrated where a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated. When you compare the outcome of a test with outcomes of other tests that have been around for a period of time, you are looking for the outcomes of your test to correlate with the ones of the past tests. Connie had been quiet for most of the recent group sessions, engaging at a minimal level. Prior to that she engaged at a superficial level. Finally, she elected to share what she has been feeling. She described her marriage to an abusive alcoholic who continued to damage several areas of her life, despite leaving him two years prior. This is BEST an example of: - Correct Answer-Risk taking Ratio scales are known for their: - Correct Answer-The ratio scale of measurement is the most informative. It is an interval scale with the additional property that the zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Which of the following best describes Roe's classification schema? - Correct Answer-Based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Roe's approach focuses on the ways early home life and parental relationship contribute to career choice. Roe was the first psychologist to use a two-dimensional classification system with fields and levels. System stresses the influence of childhood on later career paths and presents three basic causes and effects: emotional concentration on the child, avoidance of the child, and acceptance of the child. The stage in which an individual makes his or her final career decisions might be described by a developmental career counselor as: - Correct Answer-Crystallization You are working with a 16-year-old high school junior whose parents report severe acting out at school. In order to get a better idea of what may be contributing to his behavior, you obtain their consent, and his assent to speak with: - Correct Answer-The school counselor Which of the following are some of the "confidence traps" that a therapist may fall into when utilizing motivational interviewing? - Correct Answer-"I'll take over now, thank you" 2. "There there, you'll be fine" 3. Gloom a deux To measure the effectiveness of a particular management style, a consultant uses one approach with one group of employees and a second approach with another. Only the consultant knows which technique is being investigated. Which procedure is this? - Correct Answer-In a single blind experiment the subjects do not know whether they are in the treatment or placebo group. In a double blind, neither the participants nor the experimenter know which subjects are in the treatment or placebo group. Pre-group interviews with potential group members may do all of the following, EXCEPT: - Correct Answer-Identify up to 15 members for attendance Mary Jane is 14, a good student, but presents to the therapist's office with a long history of irritability and quick temper at home. Her parents describe her as always quick to argue any point, no matter how large or small, and defying rules from making her bed to making curfew. Mary Jane's father reports she will not take responsibility for any behavior. For example, he caught her hiding her brother's toys and Mary Jane blamed her brother for leaving them on the playroom floor. Then when she was grounded from the computer, she was found at 2 a.m. talking with friends in a chat room. Mary Jane yelled, "You shouldn't be so mean! Always grounding me so I have sneak just to talk to my friends! You are the bad guys." Mary Jane was so angry about having to get off the computer at 2 a.m. that she hacked into her father's email account and deleted his messages, then threw all of the clean laundry out the window, into the muddy flowerbeds. Mary Jane's presentation is consistent with: - Correct Answer-Oppositional Defiant Disorder, mild. Since Mary Jane's symptoms are only present in one setting (at home), the specifier mild is used. Super's model of career development would NOT agree that: - Correct Answer-The therapist should assemble and process career data to establish possible courses of action, possible results, and to determine the probability that each outcome will develop. Super's theory focused much on the development of self-concept. 16-year-old male is one of your clients who has been diagnosed with Bipolar I Disorder. He has been expelled from his high school for a pattern of aggressive behavior. Is the neighboring high school allowed to reject him because of his diagnosis? - Correct Answer-According to the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)'s "zero reject" policy, no student may be prohibited the right to a free public education. If expelled, the student must be given the opportunity to enroll in another school within the district. Placement may vary depending on individual student needs, but federally-funded schools are not allowed to tell parents they cannot educate their child. As a multicultural counselor, you are aware that Native Americans commonly experience psychosomatic issues and emotional problems due to: - Correct Answer-Poor interpersonal relationships Which is NOT a reasonable reason for a counselor to terminate a relationship with a client? - Correct Answer-Client resistance Steve and Beth force their son Eddie into therapy because he is failing classes at school and acting out. What might a strategic therapist do? - Correct Answer-Help the family with devising more effective problem-solving skills John is 15 years old and presents with a history dating back approximately 12 months in which he experiences periods of anhedonia, hypersomnia, and feelings of worthlessness, followed by periods of feeling rested after only a few hours and obsessive on-line gaming to the exclusion of all else. The periods frequently alternate. John does not have a significant history of drugs or alcohol, and he prefers sobriety to altered states. John's diagnosis is most consistent with: - Correct Answer-Cyclothymic Disorder When providing counseling to older adults, regardless of what therapeutic orientation is being used, the therapist should be: - Correct Answer-The therapist should be present-oriented. Therapy should be focused in the present and should address such issues as bereavement, interpersonal disputes, role transitions, and adaptation of behavior to present environment. The therapist's role is that of collaborator and supporter. You are meeting with a high school senior for the first time. The senior was referred to you due to her failing grades and poor school attendance. Upon starting the interview process, she begins to tell you about how her ex-boyfriend abused her on a daily basis. She stated they broke up when his parents moved out of the state. She reported that she is afraid that he will come back for her, and try to take her away. At this point in the interview, the BEST thing you can do as a therapist is: - Correct Answer-Listening empathically, with total attention, is probably the most powerful tool you have in your toolbox. Clients need to be heard. They need to feel they can communicate. When you have heard the entire situation you are then in a position to ask the question: "What can I do to help you get what you need?" During your initial assessment, the client states that she has major issues with getting to sleep. What is the best question to ask about sleep to screen for insomnia? - Correct Answer-Does your lack of sleep interfere with your day to day activities? Zunker, in his analysis of reasons why career planning and development centers are not focused in their mission and goals in high schools, indicates all, EXCEPT: - Correct Answer-Children are not interested in career counseling until much later in their lives You have designed an experiment to see what effect singing has on learning sign language. As part of the study, you are gathering pre- and post-test data. You are concerned that the pre-test might have an effect on the experiment. How would you best contend with this? - Correct Answer-To set up a Solomon Four-Group design, a population is randomly divided into four sample. Two of the groups are "treatment" groups and two are "control" groups receiving no treatment. Two groups are given a pre-test and a post-test. Two groups receive only a post-test. There end up being four groups and each of the four groups is different from the other groups. Among other purposes for this design, the idea is to control for the effect of taking a pre-test that might compromise the outcomes. In essence, it allows you to control for the effect of the test itself. Gilligan, like Kohlberg, believed that moral reasoning progresses through distinct stages that build on one another. Gilligan suggested that there were only three phases of female moral development. Which of the following answers states correctly one of those three levels? - Correct Answer-Goodness as self-sacrifice Physical growth in early childhood - Correct Answer-Slower than in infancy Which of the following is true of classical conditioning? - Correct Answer-A new stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response similar to that evoked by the old stimulus. The term that describes when adolescents think everyone is as preoccupied with them as they are with themselves is - Correct Answer-imaginary audience According to Loevinger, it is at the _____________ stage in which the child is able to make a clear distinction between herself or himself and her or his mother? - Correct Answer-Impulsive Stage Piaget believed that each individual developed at their own irregular rate, although in progressive stages. Which of the following answers most accurately describes the period that followed his readiness phase? - Correct Answer-Attainment phase A person who is extrinsically motivated, would most closely correlate to which stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory? - Correct Answer-Pre-conventional Keegan's cognitive theory is a life-span developmental model which suggests that an individual is in a constant state of attempting to "make sense" out of their experience. Keegan believes that the resulting cognitive thought processes and procedures result in - Correct Answer-Growth Concerning the foundational principles of conditioning, which of the following assertions is accurate? - Correct Answer-Respondent behavior is elicited; operant behavior is emitted. Hawthorne effect - Correct Answer-In a study, patients were given a brochure telling them about the experimental treatment they were to receive. The brochure called the treatment "experimental but highly promising." The control group was not given a brochure. If the experimental group reports greater improvement than the control group because of the brochure rather than the treatment, which answer describes the type of error depicted? culture conflict - Correct Answer-conflict manifests itself whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties (i.e., loyalty to two or more cultures). cultural relativity - Correct Answer-a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture. The behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture. In the United States, for example, teen pregnancy The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are: - Correct Answer-close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs propinquity - Correct Answer-tendency for people who are in close proximity (working at the same office or living close) to be attracted to each other contextualism - Correct Answer-Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs The 1971 famous Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that - Correct Answer-people conform to social roles A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________cognitive dissonance theory. - Correct Answer-Festinger's ________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. - Correct Answer-Frank Parsons, the father of guidance A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be - Correct Answer-national culture & ecological culture Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by - Correct Answer-universal culture Early vocalization in infants - Correct Answer-is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe. Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society - Correct Answer-is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. Ethnocentrism - Correct Answer-uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. Regardless of culture, the popular individual - Correct Answer-has good social skills Social exchange theory postulates that - Correct Answer-a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. Balance theory postulates - Correct Answer-a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive - Correct Answer-have other positive traits A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture. - Correct Answer-less (we demand more rigid standards from our own culture) She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance - Correct Answer-Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger), a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch. A woman who is being robbed would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress _________ as the number of bystanders increases. - Correct Answer-decreases "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This - Correct Answer-is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension The statement "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low" - Correct Answer-is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures: - Correct Answer-passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with: - Correct Answer-cognition and attitude formation Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce: - Correct Answer-less-aggressive children Rogerian person-centered counseling has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between _____ and ____. - Correct Answer-cultures and races In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means: - Correct Answer-the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts Factors helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender: - Correct Answer-rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor - Correct Answer-African American male assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as: - Correct Answer-even more dissimilar (a contrast error) When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference: - Correct Answer-is interpreted as therapeutic resistance Counselors who have good listening skills - Correct Answer-facilitate therapeutic surrender Counselors can more easily advise - Correct Answer-clients from their own culture In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective: - Correct Answer-when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a: - Correct Answer-connotative error ________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. - Correct Answer-The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed outlawed public school segregation Emic - Correct Answer-approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider Etic - Correct Answer-approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment. - Correct Answer-alloplastic A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested - Correct Answer-autoplastic method of coping. Personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means: - Correct Answer-all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands Stanley Milgram - Correct Answer-obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as: - Correct Answer-an authority figure The tendency to affiliate with others - Correct Answer-is highest in firstborns and only children approach approach conflict - Correct Answer-chose between 2 attractive alternatives, choosing one means losing other (instills less anxiety, than other approaches) approach-avoidance conflict - Correct Answer-The approach-avoidance conflict presents a positive factor (a woman he finds attractive) with a negative factor (she is a substance abuser prone to violent behavior) at the same time. (highest level of frustration) avoidance-avoidance conflict - Correct Answer-When a person has two negative alternatives (pay a hefty fine or go to jail) Robbers' Cave Experiment - Correct Answer-a cooperative, or so-called super-ordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a - Correct Answer-52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator When comparing girls to boys: - Correct Answer-girls grow up to smile more girls are using more feeling words by age 2 girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age In Super's maintenance stage, the following activity(ies) can be expected: - Correct Answer-The individual will identify new problems to work on. As the standard deviation of a group of scores decreases - Correct Answer-the variability decreases When a person is dependent on a psychoactive drug, then that individual will show - Correct Answer-either tolerance or withdrawal or both Open counseling groups - Correct Answer-replace members who have left Research shows that when clients present with suicidal statements, aggression toward the therapist, premature termination, or a low motivation to work in therapy the therapist sees the behavior as - Correct Answer-stressful In what stage of the family life cycle is the task of moving from dependence to partial independence of primary concern? - Correct Answer-Entrances Choose the proper response based on Pavlov's scientific experiment with dogs. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR) were, respectively - Correct Answer-the food and salivation. Berne's therapy approach positions people as being - Correct Answer-to a large degree victims of their injunctions. A client who was trained to Detect, Debate, and Discriminate would be using technique of which of the following models? - Correct Answer-REBT Which of the following group therapies would MOST likely use techniques such as reversal of polarities, hot seat, exaggeration, and making rounds? - Correct Answer-Gestalt Which of the following terms most accurately describes the process of parents passing on their level of undifferentiation and or immaturity to their children? - Correct Answer-Family projection process A counselor who uses Pederson's triadic model of cross-cultural counseling includes in the counseling sessions - Correct Answer-counselor, client, anti-counselor A key component of a reality group is - Correct Answer-the making of an evaluation of one's total behavior A correlation coefficient of -.61 means that there is - Correct Answer-a moderate negative correlation Using Holland's hexagonal model of six modal personal orientation themes, a counselor administers the Self-Directed Search to a client and discovers that the client's strongest orientation is artistic. The two adjacent types to artistic are - Correct Answer-investigative and social ____________ is an intervention designed to develop information about the subsystems, processes, and patterns of behavior within an organization and to mobilize energy for change. - Correct Answer-diagnosing The creation of the scales of creativity was necessitated by a desire to - Correct Answer-identify divergent thinking. Which of the following is NOT a recognized role according to role theory? - Correct Answer-ethnic One of the principles upon which Perls based his theory of Gestalt Therapy is to - Correct Answer-relive early childhood experiences in the here-and-now. Which are the correct order of phases of development theorized by the psychodynamic family model? - Correct Answer-Differentiation, Practicing, Rapprochement, Object relations constancy Five stages of vocational development in the order outlined by Super are: - Correct Answer-Growth, Exploratory, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline The statistics of range, interquartile range, standard deviation, and variance are measures of variability that represent - Correct Answer-the spread of scores from the reference point of the mean Transactions are a series of stimulus-response connections between two individuals' ego states. The best described purpose of transactions is for - Correct Answer-strokes Identification with the same-sex parent is widely evidenced during which of Freud's stages of psychosexual development? - Correct Answer-latent Which of the following answers most accurately describes the behavioral oriented model based on Thorndike's work? - Correct Answer-Operant conditioning The "job club" is based on the __________ principle of __________. - Correct Answer-behavioral; positive reinforcement According to Piaget's cognitive stages of development during which of the following stages does object permanence become a realization? - Correct Answer-Sensorimotor As the client, you express your fear of delving too deeply into your feelings because you believe you won't be able to get out. As a therapist, applying Gestalt techniques, which of the following is most appropriate? - Correct Answer-Suggest that the two of you role-play the ambivalence between head and heart The theorist who asserted that human beings are motivated by a striving for superiority was - Correct Answer-Adler Assimilation (Piaget) - Correct Answer-Assimilation involves adding new material and information to an existing schema; this action is received in the conscious level, as well as in the ability to think and problem-solve for the future. Accommodation (Piaget) - Correct Answer-Accommodation is the process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information; for example, the way children alter their actions and perceptions so that they may think with more advanced and abstract levels of cognition. Eric Berne developed the cognitive-behavioral therapy known as - Correct Answer-transactional analysis. spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning) - Correct Answer-Pavlov on the conditioned reflex in dogs, he presents food to a dog and the dog salivates. He then presents a tone just before the food, and the dog once again salivates. After repeated pairings of the tone and food, the dog salivates at the sound of the tone without the food being presented. In this study, if the tone is presented alone following extinction and a rest period, it will produce a weakened conditioned response. This happening is called Since Gestalt therapists pay attention to the language used by their clients, which of the following verbalizations would be encouraged by a gestalt therapist? - Correct Answer-I want... Empathy - Correct Answer-NOT a key principle of TA groups? Midlife transition stage - Correct Answer-Levinson's stage theory of adult development, stage at which midlife crisis occurs According to Tiedeman, which of the following answers is the term used to encompass the steps of induction, reformation, and integration? - Correct Answer-Implementation A type of consultation in which the consultant is considered an expert and assumes the role of problem-solver is - Correct Answer-content-oriented consultation. Self-Efficacy theory is promoted to explain which of the following? - Correct Answer-Some of the problems in career decision-making for women Black Americans - Correct Answer-John's counselor notices that he prefers direct eye contact for speaking, has demonstrative behavior, speaks loyally of family, has a flexible orientation to time, remains silent with confrontation, and deals directly with issues. Most characteristic of which minority group? Modal personal style, according to Holland, is - Correct Answer-congruence between self and career preference Initiative vs. guilt - Correct Answer-According to Erikson: The client describes a new course of action that appears consistent with her values and life situation but fails to implement the plan, stating that her plan would fail. Jan is married to a 38-year-old man who has just recently been promoted to a prominent national position within an international corporation. She explains to her group that she wants her marriage to work but that she is unhappy. In which of the following stages will the focus in Jan's group be on applying what she has learned in the group and putting it to use in her everyday life? - Correct Answer-Consolidation A "Freudian slip" refers to which of the following? - Correct Answer-wish fulfillment Johnny's mother insists that he should always ask before getting food from the refrigerator, but when he asks his father, he is told he does not have to ask permission to get food from the refrigerator and to just get the food when he wants it. Johnny is receiving contradictory messages that he cannot question. According to communication theory, this inter-actional process is called - Correct Answer-double-bind Factors, such as novelty effect, halo effect, multiple treatment interference, and invalid instruments in experimental research affect - Correct Answer-external validity In a skewed distribution, which measure of central tendency is closest to the tail? - Correct Answer-mean In Erikson's theory, children who recognize that they can execute a behavior they intend to execute have developed - Correct Answer-autonomy One criterion for schizophrenia, a patient must unless treated successfully, continuously exhibit symptoms such as delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, or catatonic behavior for at least - Correct Answer-six months The highest level of significance using inferential statistics is - Correct Answer-99% Half of a group was shown a 30-minute film on stress reduction techniques. While the film was being shown, the other half was given a booklet on stress reduction to read. At the end of the half hour, all subjects were asked to name as many stress reduction techniques as possible in order to estimate the relative effectiveness of the film. The dependent variable(s) in this study can be stated as - Correct Answer-the number of stress reduction techniques named Seems to garner the most favorable response from minority clients - Correct Answer-Action-oriented models According to rational emotive behavior therapy, the counselor will work to help a client see his/her emotional disturbance as a function of - Correct Answer-how she explains a particular experience Which major figure in family therapy believes the main dysfunction manifested in troubled families is emotional fusion - Correct Answer-Bowen A supervisor meets with a group of supervisees over the course of a few weeks. She notices that after coming through a time of some tension and frustration, the group is becoming more focused on learning and are more supportive of each other. The group is most likely in what stage of group development? - Correct Answer-norming The scatterplot is a graphic description of - Correct Answer-correlation A counselor sees a new client and takes time to carefully explain the counseling process. The counselor gives the client a disclosure statement that describes the counselor's training and orientation. The counselor emphasizes the importance of confidentiality and the exceptions to confidentiality. Finally, the counselor carefully goes over the contract for services with the client, emphasizing both the client's and the counselor's responsibilities. Which of the following ethical principles is being addressed by this counselor? - Correct Answer-Fidelity Upon administering Holland's Self-Directed Search to a client, a counselor finds that the client's dominant types are nonadjacent. A conclusion might be that - Correct Answer-there is inconsistency in the client's personality Two central concepts to reality therapy are - Correct Answer-realistic needs and responsibility. A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying? - Correct Answer-normal behavior within the context of her culture Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of - Correct Answer-Holland "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with - Correct Answer-Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level Culture refers to: - Correct Answer-customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation ________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. - Correct Answer-Freud & Lorenz The frustration-aggression theory is associated with: - Correct Answer-Dollard/Miller: hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression. ________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues - Correct Answer-Frank Parsons A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be: - Correct Answer-national culture & ecological culture Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society: - Correct Answer-is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory Ethnocentrism - Correct Answer-promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age Social exchange theory postulates that: - Correct Answer-a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America - Correct Answer-McDougall & Ross In terms of research related to affiliation - Correct Answer-Misery loves miserable company Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear Berne's transactional analysis (TA) three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. Correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes: - Correct Answer-id, ego, and superego. A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates: - Correct Answer-sour grapes rationalization ________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window. - Correct Answer-Projection The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to - Correct Answer-make the client aware of their unconscious processes C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle. - Correct Answer-Logos (logic) & Eros (emotion) The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of - Correct Answer-Jung An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called: - Correct Answer-an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________. - Correct Answer-instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning and Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention") and implosive therapy is that: - Correct Answer-implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination Existential counselors emphasize the client's - Correct Answer-free choice, decision, and will The words that best describe Cluster C personality disorders are - Correct Answer-anxious, fearful. When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ________, and when something is taken away it is called a ________. - Correct Answer-positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer Which of the following does Yalom consider to be the most important quality for consideration in selection of group members? - Correct Answer-Motivation The term encounter groups was first coined by - Correct Answer-Rogers TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions - Correct Answer-occur where vectors of communication run parallel. Defense mechanisms serve to - Correct Answer-unconsciously and irrationally combat ego anxiety The most fatal disorders of childhood are - Correct Answer-birth defects, gestation timing, SIDS Integrity versus Despair is the last stage of Erikson's eight-stage theory of human development. In this stage a person's task is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erikson concluded that such acceptance could be realized only if the person had - Correct Answer-successfully met the challenges of the previous stages A counselor who has adopted Ellis' theories would suggest that people become emotionally disturbed as a result of - Correct Answer-their continuing to indoctrinate themselves with erroneous ideas Donald Super emphasizes the five consecutive tasks of career development as - Correct Answer-Crystallization, Specification, Implementation, Stabilization, Consolidation Stages of the counseling process that include (1) identification and clarification of problems and opportunities, (2) setting goals, and (3) acting to achieve the goals are part of whose systematic model? - Correct Answer-Egan Social learning theory assumes - Correct Answer-genetic background and environment necessarily affect the learning experiences that an individual encounters.