Santrock Adolescence Exam 2023 Questions and Answers
Complete
WHAT ARE THE DOMAINS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Moral thought, moral behavior, moral feeling, moral personality, domain Theory
Moral development
Involves changes and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right
and wrong
Intra-personal dimension of moral development
Regulates a person's activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction
Inter-personal dimension of moral development
Regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict
Five basic questions and understanding moral development
How do adolescents reason, think about rules of ethical conduct?
Behave in normal circumstances?
Feel about moral matters?
What compromises moral personality?
How is The adolescence moral domain different from the adolescence social
conventional and personal domains?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Propose that moral development is based primarily on moral reasoning and unfolds in a
series of stages.
Kohlberg's Dilemmas
He created them to investigate the nature of moral thought.
KOHLBERG'S THREE LEVELS and SIX STAGES of MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
WHAT ARE THE 3 LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?
3 LEVELS ARE
1. PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
2. CONVENTIONAL REASONING
3. POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory.
Conventional Reasoning
2nd or intermediate level of reasoning. Individuals abide by certain standards, but they
are the standards of others, such as parents or laws of society.
POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
HIGHEST LEVEL. Morality is more internal. The individual chooses the best moral
option among their choices to match their ethical standards.
Preconventional Reasoning: Stage 1. Ages 0-9
Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Moral thinking tied to punishment.
, Preconventional Reasoning: Stage 2. Ages 0-9.
Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange. People are nice to others so that
others will be nice to them.
Conventional Reasoning: Stage 3. Early Adolescence
Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity.
Individuals value trust, caring, loyalty to others as basis of moral judgment. Adolescents
often adopt parents' moral standards, seeking to be thought of as good boy/ good girl.
Conventional Reasoning: Stage 4. Late Adolescence
Social Systems Morality:
Moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.
Going beyond personal acquaintences to encompass the importance of being a good
citizen.
Postconventional Reasoning: Stage 5. Adulthood if ever.
Social contract or utility and individual rights.
Personal values, rights, and principles transcend the law.
Postconventional Reasoning: Stage 6. Adulthood if ever.
Universal Ethical Principles.
Morals based on human rights. Follows moral conscience above personal risk.
Kohlberg's Critics
too much emphasis on thought. not enough on behavior.
James Rest
argued that Kohlberg's dilemma method doesn't test enough.
So, he created the Defining Issues Test.
Defining Issues Test of D.I.T.
James Rest created this to determine which
moral issues individuals feel are crucial in a given situation by
presenting a series of dilemmas and a
list of potential considerations in making a decision.
Not just parents and kids. Focuses on issues adolescents care about; interpersonal
dilemmas.
John Gibbs
Most adolescents, worldwide, are in stage 3 and 4, with the exception of adolescents
who engage in delinquency.
Carol Gilligan
Thinks that Kohlberg's Theory reflects gender bias. It devalues personal relationships
and judges people based on making purely independent decisions.
Complete
WHAT ARE THE DOMAINS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Moral thought, moral behavior, moral feeling, moral personality, domain Theory
Moral development
Involves changes and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right
and wrong
Intra-personal dimension of moral development
Regulates a person's activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction
Inter-personal dimension of moral development
Regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict
Five basic questions and understanding moral development
How do adolescents reason, think about rules of ethical conduct?
Behave in normal circumstances?
Feel about moral matters?
What compromises moral personality?
How is The adolescence moral domain different from the adolescence social
conventional and personal domains?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Propose that moral development is based primarily on moral reasoning and unfolds in a
series of stages.
Kohlberg's Dilemmas
He created them to investigate the nature of moral thought.
KOHLBERG'S THREE LEVELS and SIX STAGES of MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
WHAT ARE THE 3 LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?
3 LEVELS ARE
1. PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
2. CONVENTIONAL REASONING
3. POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory.
Conventional Reasoning
2nd or intermediate level of reasoning. Individuals abide by certain standards, but they
are the standards of others, such as parents or laws of society.
POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
HIGHEST LEVEL. Morality is more internal. The individual chooses the best moral
option among their choices to match their ethical standards.
Preconventional Reasoning: Stage 1. Ages 0-9
Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Moral thinking tied to punishment.
, Preconventional Reasoning: Stage 2. Ages 0-9.
Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange. People are nice to others so that
others will be nice to them.
Conventional Reasoning: Stage 3. Early Adolescence
Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity.
Individuals value trust, caring, loyalty to others as basis of moral judgment. Adolescents
often adopt parents' moral standards, seeking to be thought of as good boy/ good girl.
Conventional Reasoning: Stage 4. Late Adolescence
Social Systems Morality:
Moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.
Going beyond personal acquaintences to encompass the importance of being a good
citizen.
Postconventional Reasoning: Stage 5. Adulthood if ever.
Social contract or utility and individual rights.
Personal values, rights, and principles transcend the law.
Postconventional Reasoning: Stage 6. Adulthood if ever.
Universal Ethical Principles.
Morals based on human rights. Follows moral conscience above personal risk.
Kohlberg's Critics
too much emphasis on thought. not enough on behavior.
James Rest
argued that Kohlberg's dilemma method doesn't test enough.
So, he created the Defining Issues Test.
Defining Issues Test of D.I.T.
James Rest created this to determine which
moral issues individuals feel are crucial in a given situation by
presenting a series of dilemmas and a
list of potential considerations in making a decision.
Not just parents and kids. Focuses on issues adolescents care about; interpersonal
dilemmas.
John Gibbs
Most adolescents, worldwide, are in stage 3 and 4, with the exception of adolescents
who engage in delinquency.
Carol Gilligan
Thinks that Kohlberg's Theory reflects gender bias. It devalues personal relationships
and judges people based on making purely independent decisions.
