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Eukaryotes: Protozoa and
Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes
vs Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths
Protozoa (Sub-Kingdom)[”first animal”]
Basic Characteristics? (4)
1. Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia
2. Unicellular, chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes
3. Most are motile; live in soil and water
4. Most pathogenic
What are the different phyla and their members? (6)
1. Archaezoa: no mitochondria
2. Microspora: no mitochondria
3. Amoebozoa: pseudopods [blunt lobe-like projections of cytoplasm]
motility
What are the basic characteristics?
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 1
, 1. Have pseudopods→ blunt lobe-like projections of cytoplasm
2. Can be very large
3. Most are non-pathogenic but can be pathogenic
What are some of the members?
1. Amoeba proteus→ very large (0.8mm)
2. Entamoeba histolytica→ Human (intestine) pathogen;
amoebic dysentery: use lectin protein to attach to cell plasma
membrane and cause cell lysis
3. Acanthamoeba spp→ keratitis and blindness; found in water
can infect cornea
4. Apicomplexa: motile and non-motile and penetrate host tissue
What are the basic characteristics?
1. In adult stage: non motile [obligate intracellular]; in gamete
stage: motile (flagella)
2. Life cycle involve inter-species hosts transmissions (complex)
What are some of the members?
1. Plasmodium spp (vivax and falciparum) → malaria tropical
[anemia, chills, fever]
What is the lifecycle?
Anopheles mosquito with sporozoites (infective stage)
bite human → sporozoite undergo schizogony (multiple
fission asexual)→ merozoites (in the liver) → merozoites
infect RBC → enter ring stage→ divide into multiple
merozoites cause RBC lysis → develop into gametocytes
(mature circulating merozoites; sexual)→ mosquito bites
and becomes infected (contain sexually reproducing
stage)→ in digestive tract form zygote→ sporozoite
migrate to mosquito salivary glands [repeat]
2. Toxoplasma gondii→ Toxoplasmosis in humans (prenatal)
cause encephalitis and hydrocephalus in newborn; infect cats
3. Mattesia geminata → reduce fire ants (host)[damage
agriculture] egg production (good)
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 2
, 5. Ciliophora (ciliates) : have cilia shorter than flagella
What are the basic characteristics?
1. Got cilia for swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, sensing
2. heterotrophs
3. 2 types of nuclei: small diploid micronucleus (reproduction)
and large polyploid macronucleus (cell regulation)
4. reproduction: binary fission (asexual); conjugation (sexual)
What are some of the members?
1. Paramecium spp→ model organism for ciliates
2. Balantidium coli → balantidiasis (diarrhea and intestine
inflammation); only pathogenic
6. Euglenozoa: have mitochondria, no sexual reproduction
Helminths [”type of worm”]
Basic Characteristics? (2)
1. Multicellular, eukaryotic
2. worm-like, got digestive, circulatory, excretory and reproductive
system
Life cycle of parasitic: (2)
1. Dioecious → male reproductive organ and female reproductive
organ in different individuals
2. Monoecious/ hermaphroditic → one animal got both
What are the two phyla and their members?
1. Plathyhelminths
What are the two classes?
1. Trematodes (flat worms/flukes)
a. leaf-shaped and unsegmented; got ventral and oral
sucker
b. In bronchioles of mammals, can be 6mm wide and 12
mm long
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 3
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and
Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes
vs Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths
Protozoa (Sub-Kingdom)[”first animal”]
Basic Characteristics? (4)
1. Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia
2. Unicellular, chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes
3. Most are motile; live in soil and water
4. Most pathogenic
What are the different phyla and their members? (6)
1. Archaezoa: no mitochondria
2. Microspora: no mitochondria
3. Amoebozoa: pseudopods [blunt lobe-like projections of cytoplasm]
motility
What are the basic characteristics?
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 1
, 1. Have pseudopods→ blunt lobe-like projections of cytoplasm
2. Can be very large
3. Most are non-pathogenic but can be pathogenic
What are some of the members?
1. Amoeba proteus→ very large (0.8mm)
2. Entamoeba histolytica→ Human (intestine) pathogen;
amoebic dysentery: use lectin protein to attach to cell plasma
membrane and cause cell lysis
3. Acanthamoeba spp→ keratitis and blindness; found in water
can infect cornea
4. Apicomplexa: motile and non-motile and penetrate host tissue
What are the basic characteristics?
1. In adult stage: non motile [obligate intracellular]; in gamete
stage: motile (flagella)
2. Life cycle involve inter-species hosts transmissions (complex)
What are some of the members?
1. Plasmodium spp (vivax and falciparum) → malaria tropical
[anemia, chills, fever]
What is the lifecycle?
Anopheles mosquito with sporozoites (infective stage)
bite human → sporozoite undergo schizogony (multiple
fission asexual)→ merozoites (in the liver) → merozoites
infect RBC → enter ring stage→ divide into multiple
merozoites cause RBC lysis → develop into gametocytes
(mature circulating merozoites; sexual)→ mosquito bites
and becomes infected (contain sexually reproducing
stage)→ in digestive tract form zygote→ sporozoite
migrate to mosquito salivary glands [repeat]
2. Toxoplasma gondii→ Toxoplasmosis in humans (prenatal)
cause encephalitis and hydrocephalus in newborn; infect cats
3. Mattesia geminata → reduce fire ants (host)[damage
agriculture] egg production (good)
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 2
, 5. Ciliophora (ciliates) : have cilia shorter than flagella
What are the basic characteristics?
1. Got cilia for swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, sensing
2. heterotrophs
3. 2 types of nuclei: small diploid micronucleus (reproduction)
and large polyploid macronucleus (cell regulation)
4. reproduction: binary fission (asexual); conjugation (sexual)
What are some of the members?
1. Paramecium spp→ model organism for ciliates
2. Balantidium coli → balantidiasis (diarrhea and intestine
inflammation); only pathogenic
6. Euglenozoa: have mitochondria, no sexual reproduction
Helminths [”type of worm”]
Basic Characteristics? (2)
1. Multicellular, eukaryotic
2. worm-like, got digestive, circulatory, excretory and reproductive
system
Life cycle of parasitic: (2)
1. Dioecious → male reproductive organ and female reproductive
organ in different individuals
2. Monoecious/ hermaphroditic → one animal got both
What are the two phyla and their members?
1. Plathyhelminths
What are the two classes?
1. Trematodes (flat worms/flukes)
a. leaf-shaped and unsegmented; got ventral and oral
sucker
b. In bronchioles of mammals, can be 6mm wide and 12
mm long
Eukaryotes: Protozoa and Helminths + Virus + Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes 3
