CAPA certification, Questions and answers. Rated A+

CAPA certification, Questions and answers. Rated A+ acidemia - -lower than normal blood pH; increased hydrogen ions Acidosis - -pH 7.35; process that leads to an increase of hydrogen ion concentration in the blood adventitious breath sounds - -Abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonchi, and crackles. apnea - -absence of breathing alkalemia - -blood pH 7.45; decreased hydrogen ion concentration Alkalosis - -process that leads to decreased hydrogen ions concentration Apneustic breathing - -Abnormal respiration marked by prolonged inspiration interrupted by occasional expiration atelectasis - -collapse of alveoli bradypnea - -Slow breathing (less than 8/min) bronchiectasis - -dilation of the bronchi bronchospasm - -constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle central sleep apnea - -sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing Cheyne-Stokes respiration - -a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea; associated with brain damage, heart or kidney failure, or drug overdose compliance (lung) - -a measure of distensibility of the lungs; the amount of change in volume per change in pressure across the lung. cyanosis - -a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood; more than 5g of hemogloblin/ deciliter of arterial blood is deoxygenated. Dyspnea - -shortness of breath epistaxis - -nosebleed; usually in the Kiesselbach plexus or the Little's area; can occur in PACU d/t trauma to the nasal veins from nasotracheal tubes or to nasal airways during anesthesia. Treating epistaxis - -prompt action to prevent aspiration; position patient head up and flexed forward toward the chest; cold compresses to the bridge of the nose and neck. If bleeding is profuse, then suction oral cavity and notify attending. Packing or cautery with silver nitrate or electric current may be necessary. hypercapnia - -excessive carbon dioxide (Paco2) in the bloodstream , typically caused by inadequate respiration. hyperoxemia - -increased oxygen (Pao2) in the blood Hyperventilation - -overventilation of the alveoli in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body. hypocapnia - -condition of deficient carbon dioxide (Paco2)in the blood hypoventilation - -deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia hypoxemia - -deficient oxygen (Pao2) in the blood Hypoxia - -deficient amount of oxygen reaching the tissues Kussmaul respirations - -very deep, labored breathing (usually associated with diabetic acidosis and renal failure) Methemoglobin - -Hemoglobin disorder in which the iron molecule of hgb is oxidized into Fe+3, causing a left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin curve. Blood becomes brown colored. minute ventilation - -total volume of air exhaled each minute orthopnea - -difficulty breathing when lying down Oxyhemoglobin - -hemoglobin bound to oxygen paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - -awakening from sleep with SOB and needing to be upright to achieve comfort partial pressure - -the pressure of each gas in a mixture periodic breathing - -a regular waxing and waning of ventilation as a result of fluctuations in the central respiratory drive Polycythemia - -A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood Rales - -abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration reduced hemoglobin - -The hemoglobin after the oxygen has been released to the cells Respiration - -process of transferring oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body Rhonchi - -Coarse, low-pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways. sleep apnea - -a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings Tachypnea - -Increased breathing rate torr - -unit used to express the same value as millimeters of mercury Ventilation - -movement of air in and out of the lungs wheeze - -whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway nose - -first area to filter inhaled air; humidification and warming of inhaled air Cilia - -moves mucus and foreign particles to the pharynx to be expectorated or swallowed; dry gases from anesthesia can dry the mucous membrane and slow the action of cilia moist gases - -used in PACU with humidification and mist; humidified oxygen for tracheostomy care Pharnyx - -originates at the posterior aspect of the nasal cavities and is called the nasopharynx until it reaches the soft palate, where it becomes the oropharynx oropharynx - -the area directly posterior to the mouth; extends to the hyoid bone, where it becomes the laryngeal pharynx larnyx - -voice box; anterior to the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrae in adult men but higher in women and children; consists of 9 cartilages and largest is the thyroid cartilage Adam's apple - -The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women. cricoid cartilage - -the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx; in children 12 yo this is the smallest opening to the bronchi of the lungs