MP & MC FLASH CARDS
MODULE 1
MICROPROCESSOR A computer processor where the data processing
logic and control is included on a single integrated
circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits.
Function: to fetch the instructions stored in the
main memory, identify the operations and the
devices involved in it and accordingly generate
control signals to determine when a given action is
to take place
FIRST MICROPROCESSOR INTEL. 1971. 4 bit processor
Functions: addition, subtraction, boolean AND,
boolean OR, control functions.
MICROPROCESSOR VS Microprocessor consists of only a Central
MICROCONTROLLER Processing Unit, whereas a Micro Controller
contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated into
one chip. The microprocessor is useful in Personal
Computers whereas Micro Controller is useful in
an embedded system.
8086 MP 16 bit processor
Powerful instruction set- general purpose and
special purpose[both 16 bit but can be used as or
16 bit registers].
Special reg- segment registers, ponters, index
registers, offset storage registers for particular
addressing modes
Segment registers Segmented memory: 1 MB- 16 logical segments-
64 kB each
4 Segment reg: code segment register(CS), data
segment reg(DS), extra segment reg(ES), stack
segment register(SS)
,Functional units: Accumulator: It is an 8-bit register used to
perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE
operations. It is connected to the internal data bus
& ALU.
Arithmetic and logic unit: As the name suggests,
it performs arithmetic and logical operations like
Addition, Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit
data.
General purpose register: General AX- accumulator
data registers- AX,BX,CX,DX BX- offset storage for forming physical address
CX- Counter
DX- general purpose register-which may be used
as an implicit operand or destination.
Program counter: It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory
address location of the next instruction to be
executed.
Stack pointer:
It is also a 16-bit register that works like stack,
which is always incremented / decremented by 2
during push & pop operations.
Flag register It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops,
which holds either 0 or 1
depending upon the result stored in the
accumulator. These are the set of 5 flip-flops −
Sign (S), Zero (Z), Auxiliary Carry (AC), Parity
(P), Carry (C
:Instruction registers and decoder It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is
fetched from memory then it is stored in the
Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes
the information present in the Instruction register
Timing and control unit: It provides timing and control signal to the
microprocessor to
, perform operations.
O Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE
o Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
o DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
o RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Serial Input/output control: It controls the serial data communication by using
these two instructions: SID (Serial input data) and
SOD (Serial output data).
Address buffer and address-data The content stored in the stack pointer and the
buffer: program counter is loaded into the address buffer
and address-data buffer to communicate with the
CPU.
Address bus and data bus: Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is
bidirectional,
whereas address bus carries the location to where it
should be stored and it is
unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data &
Address I/O devices.
8086 ARCHITECTURE BIU- BUS INTERFACE UNIT
*Segment registers
*Instruction pointer
EU- EXECUTION UNIT
*Control unit
*Arithmetic logic unit
*Flag registers
*General purpose registers
*Pointers and index registers
*operands
Conditional Flags: This flag represents the result of the last arithmetic
or logical instruction executed. Conditional flags
are:
MODULE 1
MICROPROCESSOR A computer processor where the data processing
logic and control is included on a single integrated
circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits.
Function: to fetch the instructions stored in the
main memory, identify the operations and the
devices involved in it and accordingly generate
control signals to determine when a given action is
to take place
FIRST MICROPROCESSOR INTEL. 1971. 4 bit processor
Functions: addition, subtraction, boolean AND,
boolean OR, control functions.
MICROPROCESSOR VS Microprocessor consists of only a Central
MICROCONTROLLER Processing Unit, whereas a Micro Controller
contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated into
one chip. The microprocessor is useful in Personal
Computers whereas Micro Controller is useful in
an embedded system.
8086 MP 16 bit processor
Powerful instruction set- general purpose and
special purpose[both 16 bit but can be used as or
16 bit registers].
Special reg- segment registers, ponters, index
registers, offset storage registers for particular
addressing modes
Segment registers Segmented memory: 1 MB- 16 logical segments-
64 kB each
4 Segment reg: code segment register(CS), data
segment reg(DS), extra segment reg(ES), stack
segment register(SS)
,Functional units: Accumulator: It is an 8-bit register used to
perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE
operations. It is connected to the internal data bus
& ALU.
Arithmetic and logic unit: As the name suggests,
it performs arithmetic and logical operations like
Addition, Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit
data.
General purpose register: General AX- accumulator
data registers- AX,BX,CX,DX BX- offset storage for forming physical address
CX- Counter
DX- general purpose register-which may be used
as an implicit operand or destination.
Program counter: It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory
address location of the next instruction to be
executed.
Stack pointer:
It is also a 16-bit register that works like stack,
which is always incremented / decremented by 2
during push & pop operations.
Flag register It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops,
which holds either 0 or 1
depending upon the result stored in the
accumulator. These are the set of 5 flip-flops −
Sign (S), Zero (Z), Auxiliary Carry (AC), Parity
(P), Carry (C
:Instruction registers and decoder It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is
fetched from memory then it is stored in the
Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes
the information present in the Instruction register
Timing and control unit: It provides timing and control signal to the
microprocessor to
, perform operations.
O Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE
o Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
o DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
o RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Serial Input/output control: It controls the serial data communication by using
these two instructions: SID (Serial input data) and
SOD (Serial output data).
Address buffer and address-data The content stored in the stack pointer and the
buffer: program counter is loaded into the address buffer
and address-data buffer to communicate with the
CPU.
Address bus and data bus: Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is
bidirectional,
whereas address bus carries the location to where it
should be stored and it is
unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data &
Address I/O devices.
8086 ARCHITECTURE BIU- BUS INTERFACE UNIT
*Segment registers
*Instruction pointer
EU- EXECUTION UNIT
*Control unit
*Arithmetic logic unit
*Flag registers
*General purpose registers
*Pointers and index registers
*operands
Conditional Flags: This flag represents the result of the last arithmetic
or logical instruction executed. Conditional flags
are:
