GISP Study Guide 2023 with complete solution;Knowledge
and understanding of the core GIS fundamentals
Geodatabase
object oriented spatial model, native data structure for ArcGIS, and is the primary data
format used for storing, editing, and managing geographic data.
Types of Geodatabases
Personal, File, Enterprise, workgroup
Types of Geodatabase datasets
Geometric network, network dataset, parcel fabric, terrain dataset, LAS dataset
Distance relations
specifies how far is the object away from the reference object.
Examples of distance relations
at, nearby, in the vicinity;far away
Euclidean Distance
exact distance between two coordinates sqrt((x1-x2)^2 + (y1+y2)^2))
Manhattan Distance
vertical plus horizontal distance - abs(x1-x2)+abs(y1+y2)
Internal Direction
where an object is located inside the reference object
External Direction
where the object is located outside of the reference object
Spatial Model
basic properties and processes for a set of spatial features
Vector Data
composed of points, lines, polygons
Raster
composed of rectangular arrays of regularly spaced square grid cells and each cell has
a value (attribute)
Pixel
smallest resolvable piece of scanned image-pixel is always a cell but a cell is not always
a pixel.
Temporal
the world is constantly changing. A static map can only show one time period at once.
Imprecision
all data is taken from a 3D globe and transferred to a 2D surface through spatial
transformations (projections and datum's) which causes distortions with the data.
Uncertainty
The GIS data was created/collected at a certain point of time, may already be out of
data.
Geoid
the shape of the earth as defined by mean sea level and affected by topographic and
gravitational factors. What the shape of the earth would be if there were only seas and
no continents.
Reference Ellipsoid
, a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, the truer figure of the
earth, or other planetary body.
Oblate ellipsoid
fits the geoid to a first order approximation-formed when an ellipse is rotated about its
minor axis
Sphere
As can be seen from dimensions of the Earth ellipsoid, the semi-major axis 'a' and the
semi-minor axis 'b' differ only by a bit more than 21 kilometeres
Spatial reference (SRS) or Coordinate system (CRS)
is coordinate-based local, regional or global system used to locate geographical entities
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)
Three-dimensional coordinate system with a well-defined origin (the center of mass of
the Earth) and three orthogonal coordinate axes (X,Y,Z)
Map projection
transforming coordinates from a curved earth to a flat map
Horizontal Datum
model of the earth as a spheroid (2 components, reference ellipsoid and a set of survey
points both the shape of the spheroid and its position relative to the earth)
Vertical Datum
reference point for elevations of surfaces and features on the Earth-could be based on
tidal, sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid
What kinds of things can be distorted with different map projections?
Distance, direction, shape, area
Datum
Model of the earth as a spheroid
Geodetic datum
a set of control points whose geometric relationships are known, either through
measurement or calculation.
NAVD88
gravity based geodetic datum in North America
North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 1927)
based on the Clarke 1866 spheroid
North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 1983)
based on the more accurate GRS 1980 spheroid
WGS 84 (World Geodetic System)
reference coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System (GPS)
SRID Integer (Spatial Reference System ID numbers)
EPSG codes defined by the International Association of Oil and Gas producers.
Mercator projection
Preserves shape and direction, area gets distorted - projecting earth onto a cylinder
tangent to a meridian (conformal).
Azimuthal equidistant
planar (tangent)- used for air route distances - distances measured from the center are
true - distortion of other properties increases away from the center point.
Cylindrical equal-area projections
and understanding of the core GIS fundamentals
Geodatabase
object oriented spatial model, native data structure for ArcGIS, and is the primary data
format used for storing, editing, and managing geographic data.
Types of Geodatabases
Personal, File, Enterprise, workgroup
Types of Geodatabase datasets
Geometric network, network dataset, parcel fabric, terrain dataset, LAS dataset
Distance relations
specifies how far is the object away from the reference object.
Examples of distance relations
at, nearby, in the vicinity;far away
Euclidean Distance
exact distance between two coordinates sqrt((x1-x2)^2 + (y1+y2)^2))
Manhattan Distance
vertical plus horizontal distance - abs(x1-x2)+abs(y1+y2)
Internal Direction
where an object is located inside the reference object
External Direction
where the object is located outside of the reference object
Spatial Model
basic properties and processes for a set of spatial features
Vector Data
composed of points, lines, polygons
Raster
composed of rectangular arrays of regularly spaced square grid cells and each cell has
a value (attribute)
Pixel
smallest resolvable piece of scanned image-pixel is always a cell but a cell is not always
a pixel.
Temporal
the world is constantly changing. A static map can only show one time period at once.
Imprecision
all data is taken from a 3D globe and transferred to a 2D surface through spatial
transformations (projections and datum's) which causes distortions with the data.
Uncertainty
The GIS data was created/collected at a certain point of time, may already be out of
data.
Geoid
the shape of the earth as defined by mean sea level and affected by topographic and
gravitational factors. What the shape of the earth would be if there were only seas and
no continents.
Reference Ellipsoid
, a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, the truer figure of the
earth, or other planetary body.
Oblate ellipsoid
fits the geoid to a first order approximation-formed when an ellipse is rotated about its
minor axis
Sphere
As can be seen from dimensions of the Earth ellipsoid, the semi-major axis 'a' and the
semi-minor axis 'b' differ only by a bit more than 21 kilometeres
Spatial reference (SRS) or Coordinate system (CRS)
is coordinate-based local, regional or global system used to locate geographical entities
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)
Three-dimensional coordinate system with a well-defined origin (the center of mass of
the Earth) and three orthogonal coordinate axes (X,Y,Z)
Map projection
transforming coordinates from a curved earth to a flat map
Horizontal Datum
model of the earth as a spheroid (2 components, reference ellipsoid and a set of survey
points both the shape of the spheroid and its position relative to the earth)
Vertical Datum
reference point for elevations of surfaces and features on the Earth-could be based on
tidal, sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid
What kinds of things can be distorted with different map projections?
Distance, direction, shape, area
Datum
Model of the earth as a spheroid
Geodetic datum
a set of control points whose geometric relationships are known, either through
measurement or calculation.
NAVD88
gravity based geodetic datum in North America
North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 1927)
based on the Clarke 1866 spheroid
North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 1983)
based on the more accurate GRS 1980 spheroid
WGS 84 (World Geodetic System)
reference coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System (GPS)
SRID Integer (Spatial Reference System ID numbers)
EPSG codes defined by the International Association of Oil and Gas producers.
Mercator projection
Preserves shape and direction, area gets distorted - projecting earth onto a cylinder
tangent to a meridian (conformal).
Azimuthal equidistant
planar (tangent)- used for air route distances - distances measured from the center are
true - distortion of other properties increases away from the center point.
Cylindrical equal-area projections
