MPH Graduate Area Comprehensive Exam 2023 Solved
Correctly
CEA Winslow definition of public health
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical
health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the
environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for
early diagnosis and prevention of disease, and the development of the social machinery
which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for
the maintenance of health
IOM (1998) Report- The Future of Public Health
The fulfillment of society's interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be
healthy
Core Functions of Public Health
1. Assessment
2. Assurance
3. Health Policy Development
Ten Essential Services of Public Health
1. Monitor health status to identify community health problems (assessment)
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
(assessment)
3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues (policy development)
4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems (policy
development)
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
(policy development)
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety (assurance)
7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health
care when otherwise unavailable (assurance)
8. Assure competent public and personal health care workforce (assurance)
9. Evaluate the effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-
based health services (assurance)
10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems (assessment,
assurance, policy development)
Distinguish public health, medical care, and health care
(a) Public health focuses on the health of populations rather than the health of
individuals.
(b) On an ethical basis, public health focuses on public service; not personal service
(c) Public health emphasizes disease prevention and health promotion for communities.
Medical services diagnose diseases, treat, and care for individual
(d) Interventions: Public health (broad spectrum may target the environment, human
behavior, lifestyle, and medical care) Medicine (emphasis on medical care)
Socio-historical development of public health
, Ancient culture perceived illness as the manifestations of supernatural forces. Diseases,
including epidemics of infectious diseases such as plague (Black Death), leprosy, and
cholera were something to be accepted. With the advent of industrialism and
imperialism, the stage was set for epidemic diseases to increase their toll. As
populations shifted from urban centers for commerce and industry, public health
worsened. The mixing of dense populations living in unsanitary conditions and working
long hours in unsafe and exploitative industries with waves of infectious disease
(cholera, smallpox, typhoid, tuberculosis, yellow fever, etc) was a formula for disaster.
The formation of local boards of health was one of the earliest organized responses to
epidemics; represented an attempt to confront disease collectively
Why was the national capital moved from Philadelphia
Due to yellow fever epidemic (1793); prompted the city to develop its first board of
health in the same year.
Edward Jenner
(1796) Used deductive logic to battle with smallpox
John Snow
(1854) tracked cholera to water well
Edwin Chadwick
(late 1830s) known as the father of the sanitation movement; "Report on an Inquiry into
the Sanitary Conditions of Laboring Populations of Great Britain" established a blueprint
of General Board of Health (1848)
William Farr
championed the opposing views of Chadwick's position related to if death should be
classified based on pathologic cause as opposed to social and psychological reasons
Lemuel Shattuck's Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts (1850)
(a) outlined existing and future public health needs for that state and became America's
blueprint for the development of the public health system
(b)Called for the establishment of local and state departments of health to organize
public health efforts aimed at sanitation inspections (wastewater inspections today),
communicable disease control (prevention today), food sanitation, vital statistics,
services for infants and children (today Women, Infants, and Children)
Baltimore Department of Health
1798
Chicago Department of Health
1835
Other states Department of Health
1870s
Federal Public Health Activities in the US
Public health power and role of the federal government - does not appear in the
Constitution. Thought to be the responsibility of local governments and churches. Two
areas have been interpreted over time: (1) The ability to tax in order to provide the
"general welfare" (2) powers to regulate commerce. Provided a variety of grants - in -
aid to state and local governments for social welfare, substance abuse, mental health,
and community prevention services. Prior to 1900, and not until the Great Depression,
Americans did not believe the federal government should intervene in their social
circumstances. The Great Depression changed (shifted) social values as states couldn't
Correctly
CEA Winslow definition of public health
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical
health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the
environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for
early diagnosis and prevention of disease, and the development of the social machinery
which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for
the maintenance of health
IOM (1998) Report- The Future of Public Health
The fulfillment of society's interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be
healthy
Core Functions of Public Health
1. Assessment
2. Assurance
3. Health Policy Development
Ten Essential Services of Public Health
1. Monitor health status to identify community health problems (assessment)
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
(assessment)
3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues (policy development)
4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems (policy
development)
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
(policy development)
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety (assurance)
7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health
care when otherwise unavailable (assurance)
8. Assure competent public and personal health care workforce (assurance)
9. Evaluate the effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-
based health services (assurance)
10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems (assessment,
assurance, policy development)
Distinguish public health, medical care, and health care
(a) Public health focuses on the health of populations rather than the health of
individuals.
(b) On an ethical basis, public health focuses on public service; not personal service
(c) Public health emphasizes disease prevention and health promotion for communities.
Medical services diagnose diseases, treat, and care for individual
(d) Interventions: Public health (broad spectrum may target the environment, human
behavior, lifestyle, and medical care) Medicine (emphasis on medical care)
Socio-historical development of public health
, Ancient culture perceived illness as the manifestations of supernatural forces. Diseases,
including epidemics of infectious diseases such as plague (Black Death), leprosy, and
cholera were something to be accepted. With the advent of industrialism and
imperialism, the stage was set for epidemic diseases to increase their toll. As
populations shifted from urban centers for commerce and industry, public health
worsened. The mixing of dense populations living in unsanitary conditions and working
long hours in unsafe and exploitative industries with waves of infectious disease
(cholera, smallpox, typhoid, tuberculosis, yellow fever, etc) was a formula for disaster.
The formation of local boards of health was one of the earliest organized responses to
epidemics; represented an attempt to confront disease collectively
Why was the national capital moved from Philadelphia
Due to yellow fever epidemic (1793); prompted the city to develop its first board of
health in the same year.
Edward Jenner
(1796) Used deductive logic to battle with smallpox
John Snow
(1854) tracked cholera to water well
Edwin Chadwick
(late 1830s) known as the father of the sanitation movement; "Report on an Inquiry into
the Sanitary Conditions of Laboring Populations of Great Britain" established a blueprint
of General Board of Health (1848)
William Farr
championed the opposing views of Chadwick's position related to if death should be
classified based on pathologic cause as opposed to social and psychological reasons
Lemuel Shattuck's Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts (1850)
(a) outlined existing and future public health needs for that state and became America's
blueprint for the development of the public health system
(b)Called for the establishment of local and state departments of health to organize
public health efforts aimed at sanitation inspections (wastewater inspections today),
communicable disease control (prevention today), food sanitation, vital statistics,
services for infants and children (today Women, Infants, and Children)
Baltimore Department of Health
1798
Chicago Department of Health
1835
Other states Department of Health
1870s
Federal Public Health Activities in the US
Public health power and role of the federal government - does not appear in the
Constitution. Thought to be the responsibility of local governments and churches. Two
areas have been interpreted over time: (1) The ability to tax in order to provide the
"general welfare" (2) powers to regulate commerce. Provided a variety of grants - in -
aid to state and local governments for social welfare, substance abuse, mental health,
and community prevention services. Prior to 1900, and not until the Great Depression,
Americans did not believe the federal government should intervene in their social
circumstances. The Great Depression changed (shifted) social values as states couldn't
