Philosophy
REVIEWER
PHILOSOPHY • He proposed that everything that exists is
based on a higher order or plan which he
TOPIC OUTLINE called “Logos”
1 Doing Philosophy • Change is permanent aspect of the human
2 Truth and Opinion condition; “No man never steps in the
3 Methods of Philosophizing same river twice.”
4 Man as Embodied Spirit Democritus
5 The Human Person in their Environment → Branch: Metaphysics
Approach: Atomism
Doing Philosophy • Democritus study the causes of natural
phenomena
Philosophy • Was among the first to propose that
Philosophy → Comes from two Greek words: matter is composed of tiny particles
Philos (love) and Sophia (Wisdom). called atoms.
→ Greeks to refer to “Love of • Man is a microcosm of the universe.
Wisdom” Diogenes of Sinope
→ Branch: Ethics
Approach: Cynicism
Anthropological (Global) • He is a known advocate of living a simple
→ Reflects a worldview about man, society, and virtuous life
mores, nation, nationhood, etc. • One should not only talk of virtue but
Systematic (Methodological) should show it in words and actions
• His emphasis on austerity and simplicity
→ Ideas serve as parts trying to fit together in a
often went to the extreme and was said to
synthesis.In this context, Philosophy is an ongoing
have lived like a beggar
process “in which philosophies are ‘moments’,
• Happiness is a good flow of life.
which is to say dynamically interrelated parts
constituting a whole which is ever progressing. Epicurus
→ Branch: Ethics
Approach: Epicureanism
The Ancient World
• Philosophy could enable man to live a life
Pre-Socratic Philosophers (700 BCE – 25- CE)
of happiness
Thales of Miletus
• His views gave rise to ‘Epicureanism’ a
→ Branch: Metaphysics
school of philosophy which believes that
Approach: Monism
wisdom and simple living will result in a
• Thales of Miletus is considered to be the
life free of fear and pain.
first philosopher by Aristotle and the
Socrates
others.
→ Branch: Epistemology
• A Greek mathematician, astronomer and
Approach: Dialectical Method
pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in
• Considered the foremost philosopher of
Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the seven
ancient times
sages of Greece
• He did not claim to be “wise” and marely
• Believes that “EVERTHING IS MADE OF
considered himself a “midwife” that helped
WATER”
inquiring minds achieve wisdom
Pythagoras
• Believed that philosophy could enable a
→ Branch: Metaphysics
man to live a life of virtue
Approach: Pythagoreanism
• Truth is Absolute and Objective
• Thales of Miletus is a mathematician and
• “Argumentation to achieve substantive
scientist, credited with formulating the
concepts of truth and goodness
Pythagorean Theorem.
• He attempted to discover the foundation
• Established a community of learners
of goodlife by simple knowing and doing
devoted to the study of religion and
• Knowledge is a virtue
philosophy
• Soul/Psyche
• Believes that “Number is the ruler of forms
- “That is within us in virtue of which we
and Number is the ruler of ideas.”
are pronounce wise or foolish, good or
Heraclitus
bad.”
→ Branch: Metaphysics - Structure of personality
Approach: Monism - “make the sould good as possible
HASB 1
, Philosophy
REVIEWER
• Maieutic Method
- Intellectual midwifery
- Dialectic
• Elenchus
- A process thereby in abandoning the
misdirected opinion
• Formulated the Socratic Method – means
of examining a topic by devising a series
of questions that let the learner examine
and analyze his knowledge and views
regarding the topic
• “I know nothing except the fact of my
Ignorance”
•
• The life which is unexamined is not worth
living.
Plato
→ Branch: Epistemology
Approach: Rationalism
• A student of Socrates, he wrote down his
mentor’s teachings and incorporated
some of his own ideas
• His teachings and writings were
considered the foundation of Western
philosophy
• The theory of Knowledge
- The Allegory of the Cave
- The Metaphor of the Divided Line
• Education is a matter of conversion – a
complete turning around from the world of
appearance to the world of reality
• “What we call learning is only a process of
recollection” Aristotle
→ Branch: Epistemology
THE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE Approach: Empiricism
Shadowing opinions and enlightening sun. • Aristotle attended the academy and
prominent student of Plato
• All ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on
what we can sense and perceive
• Studied logic that led to the formulation of
a formal process of analyzing reasoning
which gave rise to ‘deductive reasoning’ -
the process of which specific statements
are analyzed to reach a conclusion or
generalization
HASB 2
REVIEWER
PHILOSOPHY • He proposed that everything that exists is
based on a higher order or plan which he
TOPIC OUTLINE called “Logos”
1 Doing Philosophy • Change is permanent aspect of the human
2 Truth and Opinion condition; “No man never steps in the
3 Methods of Philosophizing same river twice.”
4 Man as Embodied Spirit Democritus
5 The Human Person in their Environment → Branch: Metaphysics
Approach: Atomism
Doing Philosophy • Democritus study the causes of natural
phenomena
Philosophy • Was among the first to propose that
Philosophy → Comes from two Greek words: matter is composed of tiny particles
Philos (love) and Sophia (Wisdom). called atoms.
→ Greeks to refer to “Love of • Man is a microcosm of the universe.
Wisdom” Diogenes of Sinope
→ Branch: Ethics
Approach: Cynicism
Anthropological (Global) • He is a known advocate of living a simple
→ Reflects a worldview about man, society, and virtuous life
mores, nation, nationhood, etc. • One should not only talk of virtue but
Systematic (Methodological) should show it in words and actions
• His emphasis on austerity and simplicity
→ Ideas serve as parts trying to fit together in a
often went to the extreme and was said to
synthesis.In this context, Philosophy is an ongoing
have lived like a beggar
process “in which philosophies are ‘moments’,
• Happiness is a good flow of life.
which is to say dynamically interrelated parts
constituting a whole which is ever progressing. Epicurus
→ Branch: Ethics
Approach: Epicureanism
The Ancient World
• Philosophy could enable man to live a life
Pre-Socratic Philosophers (700 BCE – 25- CE)
of happiness
Thales of Miletus
• His views gave rise to ‘Epicureanism’ a
→ Branch: Metaphysics
school of philosophy which believes that
Approach: Monism
wisdom and simple living will result in a
• Thales of Miletus is considered to be the
life free of fear and pain.
first philosopher by Aristotle and the
Socrates
others.
→ Branch: Epistemology
• A Greek mathematician, astronomer and
Approach: Dialectical Method
pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in
• Considered the foremost philosopher of
Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the seven
ancient times
sages of Greece
• He did not claim to be “wise” and marely
• Believes that “EVERTHING IS MADE OF
considered himself a “midwife” that helped
WATER”
inquiring minds achieve wisdom
Pythagoras
• Believed that philosophy could enable a
→ Branch: Metaphysics
man to live a life of virtue
Approach: Pythagoreanism
• Truth is Absolute and Objective
• Thales of Miletus is a mathematician and
• “Argumentation to achieve substantive
scientist, credited with formulating the
concepts of truth and goodness
Pythagorean Theorem.
• He attempted to discover the foundation
• Established a community of learners
of goodlife by simple knowing and doing
devoted to the study of religion and
• Knowledge is a virtue
philosophy
• Soul/Psyche
• Believes that “Number is the ruler of forms
- “That is within us in virtue of which we
and Number is the ruler of ideas.”
are pronounce wise or foolish, good or
Heraclitus
bad.”
→ Branch: Metaphysics - Structure of personality
Approach: Monism - “make the sould good as possible
HASB 1
, Philosophy
REVIEWER
• Maieutic Method
- Intellectual midwifery
- Dialectic
• Elenchus
- A process thereby in abandoning the
misdirected opinion
• Formulated the Socratic Method – means
of examining a topic by devising a series
of questions that let the learner examine
and analyze his knowledge and views
regarding the topic
• “I know nothing except the fact of my
Ignorance”
•
• The life which is unexamined is not worth
living.
Plato
→ Branch: Epistemology
Approach: Rationalism
• A student of Socrates, he wrote down his
mentor’s teachings and incorporated
some of his own ideas
• His teachings and writings were
considered the foundation of Western
philosophy
• The theory of Knowledge
- The Allegory of the Cave
- The Metaphor of the Divided Line
• Education is a matter of conversion – a
complete turning around from the world of
appearance to the world of reality
• “What we call learning is only a process of
recollection” Aristotle
→ Branch: Epistemology
THE ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE Approach: Empiricism
Shadowing opinions and enlightening sun. • Aristotle attended the academy and
prominent student of Plato
• All ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on
what we can sense and perceive
• Studied logic that led to the formulation of
a formal process of analyzing reasoning
which gave rise to ‘deductive reasoning’ -
the process of which specific statements
are analyzed to reach a conclusion or
generalization
HASB 2
