Respiratory System:
1. Ventilation - breathing, the movement of air
into and out of the lungs
Tracheobronchial Tree:
2. External Respiration - the exchange of
O2 and CO2 between the air in the Structures become smaller and more
numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli.
lungs and the blood
1. Primary bronchi
3. Gas Transport - O2 and CO2 travel in
the blood to and from cells 2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
4. Internal Respiration - the exchange of O2
and CO2 between the blood and the 4. Bronchioles
tissues 5. Terminal bronchioles
Pharynx - common passageway for the 6. Respiratory bronchioles
respiratory and digestive systems 7. Alveolar ducts
1. Nasopharynx - takes in air 8. Alveoli
2. Oropharynx - extends from uvula to
epiglottis; takes in food, drink, and air 3. Passageway Diameter Changes:
Laryngopharynx - extends from 1. Bronchodilation - the smooth muscle
epiglottis to esophagus; food and drink relaxes, making the bronchiole
pass through diameter larger
2. Bronchoconstriction - the smooth muscle
Uvula - also known as “little grape”; extension contracts, making the bronchiole
of soft palate diameter smaller
Epiglottis - a piece of cartilage that flaps to Adventitious sounds:
prevents swallowed materials from entering
larynx
Thyroid cartilage - largest piece of cartilage; also
called Adam’s apple
, 2. transverse thoracis
3. abdominal muscles
Pulmonary Volumes:
Spirometer - device that measures pulmonary
volumes
1. Tidal volume (TV) - volume of air inspired
and expired during quiet
breathing
2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- volume
of air that can be inspired
Asthma attacks - contraction of terminal forcefully after a normal inspiration
bronchioles leads to reduced air flow 3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - volume
of air that can be expired
Alveoli - site of external respiration; where gas forcefully after a normal expiration
exchange occurs 4. Residual volume (RV) - volume of air
remaining in lungs after a maximal
Thoracic Wall and Muscles of respiration: Thoracic expiration (can’t be measured with
cavity - space enclosed by the thoracic cavity and spirometer)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm - sheet of skeletal muscle separating the Pulmonary Capacities
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) - the amount of air a
person can inspire maximally after a norma
Movement of Diaphragm and muscles of expiration
respiration: Formula: IC = TV + IRV
2. Vital capacity (VC) - maximum amount of air a
person can expire after a
maximal inspiration
3. Formula: VC = IRV + ERV + TV
4. Functional residual capacity (FRC) - the amoun
of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a norma
expiration
Formula: FRC = ERV + RV
5. Total lung capacity (TLC): Sum of all
capacities
Formula: TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV
Dead space - area where no gas exchange occurs
Muscles of inspiration- increase the volume of the Factors affecting Respiratory Rate:
thoracic cavity. 1. Decrease in Po2 (hypoxia) causes an
1. diaphragm increase in respiratory rate.
2. external intercostals 2. Increase in Pco2 (hypercapnia) causes an
3. pectoralis minor increase in rate and depth of
4. scalene muscles ventilation.
Muscles of expiration - decrease 3. Decrease in Pco2 (hypocapnia ) causes a
thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and decrease in rate of ventilation.
sternum. Regulation of Ventilation:
1. internal intercostals Medullary respiratory center in the medulla
1. Ventilation - breathing, the movement of air
into and out of the lungs
Tracheobronchial Tree:
2. External Respiration - the exchange of
O2 and CO2 between the air in the Structures become smaller and more
numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli.
lungs and the blood
1. Primary bronchi
3. Gas Transport - O2 and CO2 travel in
the blood to and from cells 2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
4. Internal Respiration - the exchange of O2
and CO2 between the blood and the 4. Bronchioles
tissues 5. Terminal bronchioles
Pharynx - common passageway for the 6. Respiratory bronchioles
respiratory and digestive systems 7. Alveolar ducts
1. Nasopharynx - takes in air 8. Alveoli
2. Oropharynx - extends from uvula to
epiglottis; takes in food, drink, and air 3. Passageway Diameter Changes:
Laryngopharynx - extends from 1. Bronchodilation - the smooth muscle
epiglottis to esophagus; food and drink relaxes, making the bronchiole
pass through diameter larger
2. Bronchoconstriction - the smooth muscle
Uvula - also known as “little grape”; extension contracts, making the bronchiole
of soft palate diameter smaller
Epiglottis - a piece of cartilage that flaps to Adventitious sounds:
prevents swallowed materials from entering
larynx
Thyroid cartilage - largest piece of cartilage; also
called Adam’s apple
, 2. transverse thoracis
3. abdominal muscles
Pulmonary Volumes:
Spirometer - device that measures pulmonary
volumes
1. Tidal volume (TV) - volume of air inspired
and expired during quiet
breathing
2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- volume
of air that can be inspired
Asthma attacks - contraction of terminal forcefully after a normal inspiration
bronchioles leads to reduced air flow 3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - volume
of air that can be expired
Alveoli - site of external respiration; where gas forcefully after a normal expiration
exchange occurs 4. Residual volume (RV) - volume of air
remaining in lungs after a maximal
Thoracic Wall and Muscles of respiration: Thoracic expiration (can’t be measured with
cavity - space enclosed by the thoracic cavity and spirometer)
Diaphragm
Diaphragm - sheet of skeletal muscle separating the Pulmonary Capacities
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) - the amount of air a
person can inspire maximally after a norma
Movement of Diaphragm and muscles of expiration
respiration: Formula: IC = TV + IRV
2. Vital capacity (VC) - maximum amount of air a
person can expire after a
maximal inspiration
3. Formula: VC = IRV + ERV + TV
4. Functional residual capacity (FRC) - the amoun
of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a norma
expiration
Formula: FRC = ERV + RV
5. Total lung capacity (TLC): Sum of all
capacities
Formula: TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV
Dead space - area where no gas exchange occurs
Muscles of inspiration- increase the volume of the Factors affecting Respiratory Rate:
thoracic cavity. 1. Decrease in Po2 (hypoxia) causes an
1. diaphragm increase in respiratory rate.
2. external intercostals 2. Increase in Pco2 (hypercapnia) causes an
3. pectoralis minor increase in rate and depth of
4. scalene muscles ventilation.
Muscles of expiration - decrease 3. Decrease in Pco2 (hypocapnia ) causes a
thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and decrease in rate of ventilation.
sternum. Regulation of Ventilation:
1. internal intercostals Medullary respiratory center in the medulla
