N3035- Fluid and Electrolytes (REVISED for final exam
2023) with complete solution
sodium
____ imbalance: neurological symptoms
potassium
____ imbalance: cardiac, GI, musculoskeletal system manifestations
kidneys
the fluids and electrolytes we eat/drink are excreted or reabsorbed through the ____
sodium, potassium
____ is kept in the extracellular compartment, while ____ is kept in the intracellular
compartment
blood volume
sodium maintains ___ ___ by regulating water and osmotic pressure
you will always see an imbalance in fluids if there is an imbalance in sodium, and vice
versa
nerve
sodium maintains proper ____ transmissions for skeletal muscle and brain functioning
if there is a sodium imbalance, symptoms will always affect the brain
calcium
sodium is needed for the excretion of ___ through the kidneys
normal saline
hypercalcemia standard treatment is to give ___ ___ IV therapy
chloride
sodium and ___ are directly related
if one is high/low, the other will be too
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
when you give a large amount of normal saline solution (has good amount of sodium
and chloride), you are at risk for giving patients ___ ___ ___, which can lead to kidney
injuries if not resolved
hypernatremia
fluid volume overload with _____:
-based on principle that water follows salt
-commonly seen in excessive salt ingestion
dilutional
fluid volume overload with hyponatremia:
-aka _____ hyponatremia
-due to excessive fluids in the body
,-dilutes sodium
-seen with conditions such as heart failure or treatment with hypotonic solutions
hypertonic dehydration
fluid volume deficit with hypernatremia:
-there is more fluid loss than sodium loss
-also called ____ ____
diuretic
fluid volume deficit with hyponatremia:
-there is loss of both fluid and sodium
-seen in conditions such as _____ therapy
solvent
the body is composed of fluids and particles dissolved or suspended in water; the fluid
portion is called a ____
solutes
particles dissolved or suspended in water
electrolytes
solutes that express an overall electrical charge
electrolytes, 40
extracellular compartment:
-contains extracellular fluids and ____
-fluid is outside of the cell (___%)
blood plasma, interstitial
extracellular fluid (ECF) is divided into ___ ___ and ____ fluid
interstitial fluid
fluid in between the cells of the body
blood plasma
fluid in the vascular spaces (veins/arteries)
intracellular compartment
-contains intracellular fluid and electrolytes
-fluid is inside the cell (60%)
intracellular
___ fluid constitutes most of the body's fluid (approximately 2/3)
electrolyte homeostasis
balance between dietary intake of electrolytes and renal excretion or reabsorption of
electrolytes
stable, cell membranes
, regulatory processes are in place to keep internal environment ___. they determine
how, when, and where fluids and particles move across ____ ____
aldosterone, antidiuretic
hormones like ____, ____ hormone, natriutetic peptide (NP), and renin-angiotensin II
pathway regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
filtration, diffusion, osmosis, active transport
the four regulatory processes?
filtration
It is the movement of water molecules (solvents) through a cell or blood vessel
membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to lower hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure
"Water-pushing pressure" - is the force that pushes water outward from a confined
space through a membrane
pressure
the amount of water in any body fluid space determines ____
blood pressure
Moves blood from the heart to the capillaries where the exchange of water, nutrients,
wastes between blood and tissues occur
edema
It occurs with changes in hydrostatic pressure. Venous hydrostatic pressure increases,
forcing fluids into the interstitial spaces
diffusion
It is the movement of particles (solutes) across a permeable membrane from an area of
higher solute to lower solute concentration
Transports most electrolytes and other particles through cell membranes
passive
diffusion is ___ and does not require energy
blood pressure, edema
two main examples of filtration?
facilitated diffusion
Allows diffusion of large, membrane insoluble compounds such as sugars and amino
acids by binding to a membrane-altering system for transport
insulin
glucose binds with ___ to enter most cell membranes by facilitated diffusion
active transport
Movement of particles (solutes) across a membrane against a concentration or
electrochemical gradient
used to pump specific compounds in or out of the cell
into, out
na+/k+ pump (active transport):
-pumps k+ ___ the cell, and na+ ___ of the cell
requires ATP energy
2023) with complete solution
sodium
____ imbalance: neurological symptoms
potassium
____ imbalance: cardiac, GI, musculoskeletal system manifestations
kidneys
the fluids and electrolytes we eat/drink are excreted or reabsorbed through the ____
sodium, potassium
____ is kept in the extracellular compartment, while ____ is kept in the intracellular
compartment
blood volume
sodium maintains ___ ___ by regulating water and osmotic pressure
you will always see an imbalance in fluids if there is an imbalance in sodium, and vice
versa
nerve
sodium maintains proper ____ transmissions for skeletal muscle and brain functioning
if there is a sodium imbalance, symptoms will always affect the brain
calcium
sodium is needed for the excretion of ___ through the kidneys
normal saline
hypercalcemia standard treatment is to give ___ ___ IV therapy
chloride
sodium and ___ are directly related
if one is high/low, the other will be too
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
when you give a large amount of normal saline solution (has good amount of sodium
and chloride), you are at risk for giving patients ___ ___ ___, which can lead to kidney
injuries if not resolved
hypernatremia
fluid volume overload with _____:
-based on principle that water follows salt
-commonly seen in excessive salt ingestion
dilutional
fluid volume overload with hyponatremia:
-aka _____ hyponatremia
-due to excessive fluids in the body
,-dilutes sodium
-seen with conditions such as heart failure or treatment with hypotonic solutions
hypertonic dehydration
fluid volume deficit with hypernatremia:
-there is more fluid loss than sodium loss
-also called ____ ____
diuretic
fluid volume deficit with hyponatremia:
-there is loss of both fluid and sodium
-seen in conditions such as _____ therapy
solvent
the body is composed of fluids and particles dissolved or suspended in water; the fluid
portion is called a ____
solutes
particles dissolved or suspended in water
electrolytes
solutes that express an overall electrical charge
electrolytes, 40
extracellular compartment:
-contains extracellular fluids and ____
-fluid is outside of the cell (___%)
blood plasma, interstitial
extracellular fluid (ECF) is divided into ___ ___ and ____ fluid
interstitial fluid
fluid in between the cells of the body
blood plasma
fluid in the vascular spaces (veins/arteries)
intracellular compartment
-contains intracellular fluid and electrolytes
-fluid is inside the cell (60%)
intracellular
___ fluid constitutes most of the body's fluid (approximately 2/3)
electrolyte homeostasis
balance between dietary intake of electrolytes and renal excretion or reabsorption of
electrolytes
stable, cell membranes
, regulatory processes are in place to keep internal environment ___. they determine
how, when, and where fluids and particles move across ____ ____
aldosterone, antidiuretic
hormones like ____, ____ hormone, natriutetic peptide (NP), and renin-angiotensin II
pathway regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
filtration, diffusion, osmosis, active transport
the four regulatory processes?
filtration
It is the movement of water molecules (solvents) through a cell or blood vessel
membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to lower hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure
"Water-pushing pressure" - is the force that pushes water outward from a confined
space through a membrane
pressure
the amount of water in any body fluid space determines ____
blood pressure
Moves blood from the heart to the capillaries where the exchange of water, nutrients,
wastes between blood and tissues occur
edema
It occurs with changes in hydrostatic pressure. Venous hydrostatic pressure increases,
forcing fluids into the interstitial spaces
diffusion
It is the movement of particles (solutes) across a permeable membrane from an area of
higher solute to lower solute concentration
Transports most electrolytes and other particles through cell membranes
passive
diffusion is ___ and does not require energy
blood pressure, edema
two main examples of filtration?
facilitated diffusion
Allows diffusion of large, membrane insoluble compounds such as sugars and amino
acids by binding to a membrane-altering system for transport
insulin
glucose binds with ___ to enter most cell membranes by facilitated diffusion
active transport
Movement of particles (solutes) across a membrane against a concentration or
electrochemical gradient
used to pump specific compounds in or out of the cell
into, out
na+/k+ pump (active transport):
-pumps k+ ___ the cell, and na+ ___ of the cell
requires ATP energy
