PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE (100% GRADED)

Nucleic acids are polymers of units called A) ribose. B) bases. C) fatty acids. D) amino acids. E) nucleotides. 6) Cell membranes are said to be A) actively permeable. B) impermeable. C) freely permeable. D) selectively permeable. E) none of the above 7) In humans, only __________ cells have flagella. A) sperm B) intestine lining C) stomach lining D) respiratory tract lining E) two of the above 8) The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called __________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a __________. A) phosphorylation; kinase B) proteolysis; kinase C) proteolysis; peptidase D) phosphorylation; phosphatase E) None of the above represents the correct terminology. 9) An allosteric modulator binds to A) the active site. B) the product. C) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. D) the surrounding tissue. E) the substrate. 10) Permeability is a property of A) solutes. B) solvents. C) ions. D) membranes. E) proteins. 11) What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body? A) plasma and the fluid portion of the blood B) intracellular and plasma C) plasma and interstitial D) interstitial and intracellular E) none of the above 12) Saturation occurs when A) the energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond. B) a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules. C) a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates. D) a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate. E) molecules are moved by the use of vesicles. 13) The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called A) endocytosis. B) exocytosis. C) phagocytosis. D) diffusion. E) active transport. 14) Compared to the outside surface, the inside of a resting cell membrane is A) continuously reversing its electrical charge. B) positively charged. C) negatively charged. D) electrically neutral. E) positively charged whenever the sodium-potassium pump is active. 15) Receptor molecules are located A) in the outer cell membrane. B) in the cytosol. C) in the nucleus. D) B and C E) all of the above 16) When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) steroids are produced. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. 17) The increasingly forceful uterine contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) effector shutdown. D) receptor activation. E) none of the above 18) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell becomes inactive. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E) none of the above 19) When steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A) gene transcription may start or stop. B) protein kinases are activated. C) adenylyl cyclase is activated. D) cyclic nucleotides are formed. E) G proteins are inhibited. 20) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) ACTH. B) growth hormone. C) prolactin. D) FSH. E) TSH. 21) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the A) somatic motor division. B) peripheral nervous system. C) autonomic nervous system. D) central nervous system. E) enteric nervous system. 22) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the A) axons. B) cell bodies. C) dendrites. D) somata. E) none of the above 23) The region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the A) hillock. B) synapse. C) dendrites. D) nerve. E) collateral. 24) Myelin is formed by A) axons. B) ependymal cells. C) Schwann cells. D) oligodendrocytes. E) C and D 25) The Nernst equation predicts A) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion. B) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions. C) extracellular ion concentrations D) intracellular ion concentrations. E) the threshold membrane potential. 26) Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside? A) sodium B) more than one of the above C) calcium D) chloride E) potassium 27) Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for control of eye movement C) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body D) centers for control of vomiting E) centers for control of breathing 28) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) hippocampus. B) basal nuclei. C) gray "H." D) suprachiasmatic nucleus. E) corpus callosum. 29) A receptor potential is A) a graded potential. B) an action potential. C) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell. D) A or B E) none of the above 30) Fast pain, usually described as sharp and localized, is carried by A) small, myelinated A-delta fibers. B) large, myelinated A-beta fibers. C) small, unmyelinated C fibers. D) large, unmyelinated C fibers. 31) Pain from one area of the body, such as in cardiac ischemia, can be felt in another area, such as the neck and left shoulder; this is called A) latency. B) analgesia. C) tonic reception. D) adaptation. E) referred pain. 32) Sweat glands contain A) alpha receptors. B) beta receptors. C) cholinergic receptors. D) all of the above 33) The purpose of transverse tubules is to A) conduct ATP molecules out of the mitochondria throughout the sarcoplasm. B) ensure a supply of Ca2+ ions through the muscle fiber. C) rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. D) ensure a supply of glycogen throughout the muscle sarcoplasm. E) All of the above are true. 34) The tension generated in a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the A) number of nebulin and titin molecules present. B) change in length of the thick filaments. C) number of thick and thin filaments present. D) change in length of the thin filaments. E) number of crossbridges formed. 35) Excitation-contraction coupling refers to A) acetylcholine triggering the opening ion channels. B) the chemical and electrical events that trigger the mechanical events in a muscle fiber. C) the enzymatic removal of acetylcholine from the synapse, which can then allow relaxation to occur. D) the arrival of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction due to its exocytosis from the axon terminal. E) B and D 36) A polysynaptic reflex has at least __________ in the reflex pathway. A) one synapse B) two synapses C) two neurons D) three neurons E) B and D 37) In electrocardiography, a lead is a/an A) pair of electrodes. B) cable that attaches between the ECG machine and the body. C) electrode. 38) A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed A) fibrillation. B) a normal resting heart rate. C) bradycardia. D) an arrhythmia. E) tachycardia. 39) The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the A) stroke volume. B) cardiac output. C) cardiac reserve. D) end-systolic volume. E) end-diastolic volume. 40) The cardiac output is equal to A) the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. B) the product of heart rate and blood pressure. C) the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume. D) the product of heart rate and stroke volume. 41) The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is A) heart rate (HR). B) end-diastolic volume (EDV). C) stroke volume (SV). D) end-systolic volume (ESV). E) cardiac output (CO). 42) Angiogenesis is A) an examination of the arteries and veins. B) being able to detect a pulse in arteries. C) surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries. D) having blood drawn into a tube for tests. E) the growth of new blood vessels. 43) The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, A) reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. B) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. C) are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. D) A and B E) A, B, and C 44) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the A) blood pressure. B) systemic pressure. C) circulatory pressure. D) mean arterial pressure. E) pulse pressure. 45) Increased blood volume __________ blood pressure. A) decreases B) increases C) has no effect on 46) In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle, A) acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. B) acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors. C) sympathetic stimulation is removed. D) norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors. E) norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. 47) A hemoglobin molecule is composed of A) three protein chains. B) four protein chains and four heme groups. C) four heme groups but no protein. D) two protein chains. E) four protein chains and nothing else. 48) A normal adult hematocrit would be approximately __________%. A) 100 B) 75 C) 45 D) 10 E) 66 49) Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. B) movement of air into and out of the lungs. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. 50) Type II alveolar cells A) are phagocytic. B) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. C) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. D) all of the above E) none of the above 51) Surfactant A) is not found in healthy lung tissue. B) protects the surface of the lungs. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. E) phagocytizes small particulate matter. Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 52) the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration B. inspiratory reserve volume 53) the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can D. residual volume 54) the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation C. expiratory reserve volume 55) the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration A. tidal volume 56) High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called A) hypercapnia. B) hyperdioxia. C) hyperoxia. D) hypercarbia. E) carbonation. 57) Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney? A) glomerulusB) loop of Henle C) vasa recta D) renal corpuscle Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion 58) movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment A. excretion 59) movement from the nephron lumen to the blood C. reabsorption 60) movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen B. filtration 61) movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen D. secretion 62) The primary osmoreceptors are located in the A) medulla. B) pons. C) stomach. D) kidney. E) hypothalamus. 63) ACE converts A) angiotensin I to angiotensin II. B) renin to angiotensinogen. C) angiotensin II to aldosterone. D) renin to aldosterone. E) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 64) Aldosterone A) functions in pH regulation. B) increases the concentration of sodium in urine. C) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. D) helps decrease blood volume. E) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood. 65) The __________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients. A) large intestine B) mouth C) stomach D) small intestine E) none of the above 66) The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the A) myenteric plexus. B) motilin. C) migrating motor complex. D) extrinsic neurons. E) submucosal plexus. 67) Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the A) stomach. B) small intestine. C) large intestine. D) liver. E) A and C 68) The feeding and satiety centers are located in the A) cerebrum. B) pons. C) medulla oblongata. D) cerebellum. E) hypothalamus. 69) Convective heat loss occurs when A) warm air rises from the body's surface. B) one swims in water below body temperature. C) a cooler object rests on the body's surface. D) water evaporates from the skin's surface. E) all of the above Match the nutrient to its primary fate. A. carbohydrate B. protein C. fat 70) used immediately for energy A. carbohydrate 71) synthesis of tissues