NBME CBSE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100% 2023-2024
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV
and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse
after birth
8. Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure
of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypass-
ing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10. phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11. S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgita-
tion, HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12. S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
,Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
13. atria contract: a wave of JVP
14. c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
, 15. x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed
tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
16. V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against
closed tricuspid valve
17. y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18. plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19. PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20. QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21. Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22. Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause
torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23. Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25. Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels
most common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3
(anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-ex-
citation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ven-
ricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS
with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular
tachy.
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 100% 2023-2024
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV
and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse
after birth
8. Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure
of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypass-
ing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10. phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11. S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgita-
tion, HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12. S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1
best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
,Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Always abnormal
13. atria contract: a wave of JVP
14. c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
, 15. x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed
tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
16. V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against
closed tricuspid valve
17. y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18. plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19. PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20. QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21. Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22. Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause
torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23. Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25. Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels
most common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3
(anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-ex-
citation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ven-
ricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS
with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular
tachy.
