BIOS 256 Final Exam (Latest 2023):
Chamberlain College of Nursing
what are male gametes? - Answer Sperm
What are female gametes? - Answer Secondary oocytes
Embryonic period? - Answer From fertilization through the eighth week of development
Fetal period? - Answer Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
Describe the first trimester? - Answer The first trimester is from conception to 13
weeks. This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system
development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
Describe the second trimester? - Answer 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to
develop human like features
Describe the third trimester? - Answer 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus
doubles in weight.
Cleavage of zygote - Answer Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? - Answer Increased blood
osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? - Answer Stimulates
the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased
thirst, increased water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood
pressure
What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? - Answer Na+ and Cl-
, ADH function - Answer ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows
for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume,
increasing blood pressure
What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? -
Answer Aldosterone and ANP
When is RAAS activated? - Answer Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in
plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This
increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts
Functions of ANP - Answer ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine).
Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a
decrease in blood volume.
What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? - Answer Na+ and Cl-
What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? - Answer K+, proteins, and
phosphates
3 buffer systems in the body - Answer (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer
system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system - Answer Increased exhalation of CO2 increases
exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases
exhalation of H+ and decreases the pH
Kidneys as a buffer system - Answer Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb
HCO3- so it is not lost in urine
Respiratory acidosis - Answer A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient
amounts of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine
and increasing HCO3- reabsorption
Respiratory alkalosis - Answer An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of
CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and
decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3-
Metabolic acidosis - Answer Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an
increase in the loss of CO2, increasing the pH
Chamberlain College of Nursing
what are male gametes? - Answer Sperm
What are female gametes? - Answer Secondary oocytes
Embryonic period? - Answer From fertilization through the eighth week of development
Fetal period? - Answer Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
Describe the first trimester? - Answer The first trimester is from conception to 13
weeks. This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system
development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
Describe the second trimester? - Answer 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to
develop human like features
Describe the third trimester? - Answer 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus
doubles in weight.
Cleavage of zygote - Answer Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? - Answer Increased blood
osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? - Answer Stimulates
the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased
thirst, increased water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood
pressure
What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? - Answer Na+ and Cl-
, ADH function - Answer ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows
for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume,
increasing blood pressure
What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? -
Answer Aldosterone and ANP
When is RAAS activated? - Answer Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in
plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This
increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts
Functions of ANP - Answer ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine).
Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a
decrease in blood volume.
What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? - Answer Na+ and Cl-
What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? - Answer K+, proteins, and
phosphates
3 buffer systems in the body - Answer (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer
system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system - Answer Increased exhalation of CO2 increases
exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases
exhalation of H+ and decreases the pH
Kidneys as a buffer system - Answer Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb
HCO3- so it is not lost in urine
Respiratory acidosis - Answer A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient
amounts of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine
and increasing HCO3- reabsorption
Respiratory alkalosis - Answer An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of
CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and
decreasing the reabsorption of HCO3-
Metabolic acidosis - Answer Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an
increase in the loss of CO2, increasing the pH
