1
,2
, grade) CIN1 and grade 2-3 is HSIL (High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) No screening till
21. No HPV co-testing till 30 as long as PAP is normal.
Endocrine:
Body’s process for adapting to high hormone levels- p.645-647 Hormone release is regulated
by one or more of the following mechanisms: Chemical factors (blood glucose or calcium
levels); Endocrine factors (a hormone from one endocrine gland controlling another endocrine
gland); and Neural control.
Chemical regulation: insulin is secreted following and increase in plasma glucose levels. Cortisol
from the adrenal cortex is an endocrine factor that regulates and stimulates insulin secretion
from the beta cells within the pancreas. And Neural control occurs when the autonomic
nervous system directly stimulates the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. Negative and
Positive feedback systems keep cellular level balanced. Water soluble hormones and lipid-
soluble steroids pass differently across the plasma membrane. For intracellular receptors fat-
soluble hormones can pass freely however water-soluble hormones need messengers (first and
second messengers)
Downregulation and upregulation with different number of hormone receptor sites for the
target cell
Low hormone level= increase the hormone receptor sites= positive feedback. High hormone
level= decreases the hormone receptor site for the target cell= negative feedback
Cushing’s Syndrome (Hypercortisolism)-p. 699-701 and fig. 22.22 p. 702 Clinical
manifestations from chronic exposure to excess endogenous cortisol and is more common in
women. Overproduction of pituitary ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) or by a pituitary
adenoma (most common and can occur at any age) or by an ectopic secreting nonpituitary
tumor such as a small-cell carcinoma of the lung (common in adults). Common symptoms:
weight gain (esp in the trunk) glucose intolerance because of cortisol-induced insulin resistance
,2
, grade) CIN1 and grade 2-3 is HSIL (High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) No screening till
21. No HPV co-testing till 30 as long as PAP is normal.
Endocrine:
Body’s process for adapting to high hormone levels- p.645-647 Hormone release is regulated
by one or more of the following mechanisms: Chemical factors (blood glucose or calcium
levels); Endocrine factors (a hormone from one endocrine gland controlling another endocrine
gland); and Neural control.
Chemical regulation: insulin is secreted following and increase in plasma glucose levels. Cortisol
from the adrenal cortex is an endocrine factor that regulates and stimulates insulin secretion
from the beta cells within the pancreas. And Neural control occurs when the autonomic
nervous system directly stimulates the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. Negative and
Positive feedback systems keep cellular level balanced. Water soluble hormones and lipid-
soluble steroids pass differently across the plasma membrane. For intracellular receptors fat-
soluble hormones can pass freely however water-soluble hormones need messengers (first and
second messengers)
Downregulation and upregulation with different number of hormone receptor sites for the
target cell
Low hormone level= increase the hormone receptor sites= positive feedback. High hormone
level= decreases the hormone receptor site for the target cell= negative feedback
Cushing’s Syndrome (Hypercortisolism)-p. 699-701 and fig. 22.22 p. 702 Clinical
manifestations from chronic exposure to excess endogenous cortisol and is more common in
women. Overproduction of pituitary ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) or by a pituitary
adenoma (most common and can occur at any age) or by an ectopic secreting nonpituitary
tumor such as a small-cell carcinoma of the lung (common in adults). Common symptoms:
weight gain (esp in the trunk) glucose intolerance because of cortisol-induced insulin resistance
