1
, Cardiovascular disease
Infectious disease
Explanation: Despite the wide scale implementation of progressive public health and
immunization policies, infectious disease remains a significant cause of
morbidity and mortality.
Question 3. What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA.
It is needed to produce integrase.
It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
Explanation: One particular family of viruses, retroviruses (e.g., HIV) carries an
enzyme reverse transcriptase that creates a double-stranded DNA
version of the virus.
Question 4. Which statement is true about fungal infections?
They occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
, They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes.
They result in release of endotoxins.
They are prevented by vaccines.
Explanation: The host defense against fungal infection includes the fungistatic
properties of neutrophils and macrophages. T lymphocytes are crucial in
limiting the extent of infection and producing cytokines to further activate
macrophages.
Question 5. Which statement about vaccines is true?
Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong
protection.
Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against
viruses, bacteria, and fungal infections.
Explanation: In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as
infection-induced immunity, thus booster injections may be necessary
to maintain protection throughout life.
, Question 6. After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet
seronegative for _____ months.
1 to 2
6 to 14
18 to 20
24 to 36
Explanation: Antibody appears rather rapidly after infection through blood products,
usually within 4 to 7 weeks. After sexual transmission, however, the
individual can be infected yet seronegative for 6 to 14 months or, in at least
one case, for years.
Question 7. A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of anti-___
antibodies.
A
B
A and B
O
, Cardiovascular disease
Infectious disease
Explanation: Despite the wide scale implementation of progressive public health and
immunization policies, infectious disease remains a significant cause of
morbidity and mortality.
Question 3. What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA.
It is needed to produce integrase.
It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.
Explanation: One particular family of viruses, retroviruses (e.g., HIV) carries an
enzyme reverse transcriptase that creates a double-stranded DNA
version of the virus.
Question 4. Which statement is true about fungal infections?
They occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
, They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes.
They result in release of endotoxins.
They are prevented by vaccines.
Explanation: The host defense against fungal infection includes the fungistatic
properties of neutrophils and macrophages. T lymphocytes are crucial in
limiting the extent of infection and producing cytokines to further activate
macrophages.
Question 5. Which statement about vaccines is true?
Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong
protection.
Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against
viruses, bacteria, and fungal infections.
Explanation: In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as
infection-induced immunity, thus booster injections may be necessary
to maintain protection throughout life.
, Question 6. After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet
seronegative for _____ months.
1 to 2
6 to 14
18 to 20
24 to 36
Explanation: Antibody appears rather rapidly after infection through blood products,
usually within 4 to 7 weeks. After sexual transmission, however, the
individual can be infected yet seronegative for 6 to 14 months or, in at least
one case, for years.
Question 7. A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of anti-___
antibodies.
A
B
A and B
O
