1
, Polyuria and hyperventilation
Explanation: Marked water deficit is manifested by symptoms of dehydration: headache,
thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss,
and decreased or concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes
insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of
hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural
hypotension, may be present.
Question 3. Question : How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic
alkalosis?
Loss of chloride stimulates the release of aldosterone, which
causes the retained sodium to bind with the chloride.
Loss of chloride causes hydrogen to move into the cell and
exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance.
Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain
the anion balance.
Loss of chloride causes hypoventilation to compensate for the
metabolic alkalosis.
Explanation: When acid loss is caused by vomiting with depletion of ECF and
, chloride (hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis), renal compensation is not
very effective because the volume depletion and loss of electrolytes
(Na+, K+, H+, Cl-) stimulate a paradoxical response by the kidneys. The
kidneys increase sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with excretion of
hydrogen. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed to maintain an anionic balance
because the ECF chloride concentration is decreased.
Question 4. Question : When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated?
By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the
plasma
By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma
By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma
By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma
Explanation: Thirst is experienced when water loss equals 2% of an individual’s body
weight or when there is an increase in osmolality. Dry mouth,
hyperosmolality, and plasma volume depletion activate osmoreceptors
(neurons located in the hypothalamus that are stimulated by increased
osmolality).
, Polyuria and hyperventilation
Explanation: Marked water deficit is manifested by symptoms of dehydration: headache,
thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss,
and decreased or concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes
insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of
hypovolemia, including tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural
hypotension, may be present.
Question 3. Question : How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic
alkalosis?
Loss of chloride stimulates the release of aldosterone, which
causes the retained sodium to bind with the chloride.
Loss of chloride causes hydrogen to move into the cell and
exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance.
Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain
the anion balance.
Loss of chloride causes hypoventilation to compensate for the
metabolic alkalosis.
Explanation: When acid loss is caused by vomiting with depletion of ECF and
, chloride (hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis), renal compensation is not
very effective because the volume depletion and loss of electrolytes
(Na+, K+, H+, Cl-) stimulate a paradoxical response by the kidneys. The
kidneys increase sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with excretion of
hydrogen. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed to maintain an anionic balance
because the ECF chloride concentration is decreased.
Question 4. Question : When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated?
By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the
plasma
By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma
By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma
By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma
Explanation: Thirst is experienced when water loss equals 2% of an individual’s body
weight or when there is an increase in osmolality. Dry mouth,
hyperosmolality, and plasma volume depletion activate osmoreceptors
(neurons located in the hypothalamus that are stimulated by increased
osmolality).
