NR548 Final Exam
Describe the compensated trendelenburg gait that occurs with hip pain - ANS ✔-Compensated
trendelenburg gait shifts GRFV *through* the painful hip joint to *stabilize* the joint and
*decrease* torque
-Without compensation, aBductor muscles have to contract against aDuction moment, which
causes *compression* at hip joint
___% of people with Parkinson's disease have difficulty walking within 3 years of diagnosis - ANS
✔*85%* of people with Parkinson's disease have difficulty walking within 3 years of diagnosis
___% of people with MS experience mobility problems - ANS ✔*75%* of people with MS
experience mobility problems
___% of people who have strokes regain community mobility - ANS ✔*50%* of people who have
strokes regain community mobility
Define *gait* versus *walking* versus *mobility* - ANS ✔-*Gait*: pattern of movement of the
limbs during locomotion
-*Walking*: one form of locomotion
-*Mobility*: ability to safely and independently move from one point to another
List 3 dimensions of the neural control of walking - ANS ✔1. *Sensory*: afferent input
2. *Spinal cord*: central pattern generators
3. *Supraspinal*: cortical systems for complex navigation (obsticles, etc.) to adapt gait pattern
Define and describe the function of *central pattern generators (CPG)* - ANS ✔-*CPG* =
network of neurons and inter-neurons in spinal cord
-Generate coordinated movements autonomously
-Modified by ascending and descending signals from cortex and the periphery
Name two *ascending sensory inputs* that influence the stance-to-swing transition - ANS ✔-Hip
,extension
-Unloading of ankle PFs
The same ascending sensory input can modify gait responses to stimuli in (the same/different)
ways - ANS ✔The same ascending sensory input can modify gait responses to stimuli in
*different* ways
Describe the *reactive control* to an obstacle encountered EARLY during swing phase - ANS
✔-"Elevating strategy"
-Flexion of swing limb to clear obstacle
-Extension of stance leg to prolong stance
Describe the *reactive control* to an obstacle encountered LATE during swing phase - ANS
✔-"Extension strategy"
-Extension of swing limb to lower leg
-Flexion during opposite leg's swing phase to clear obstacle
What are the two greatest requirements during gait in terms of body function? - ANS ✔-
PROGRESSION: Moving forward
-STABILITY: Staying upright
Describe the two major domains of the proactive control during walking - ANS ✔*Sensory*
-Vision: avoidance & accommodation
*Cognitive*
-Piloting/navigating
-Anticipation
-Attention
, Name the three brainstem locomotor regions and their functions during gait - ANS ✔-
*Mesencephalic*: gait initiation, speed of locomotion
-*Pontine*: control of postural tone
-*Subthalamic*: obstacle avoidance
Name the two major subcortical regions and their function during gait - ANS ✔*Cerebellum*
-Coordination of gait pattern
-Online error correction
-Motor learning and adaptation
*Basal Ganglia*
-Projections to brainstem
-Automaticity of walking
Describe the 4 components of observational movement analysis - ANS ✔1. *Description*: what
does efficient gait look like
2. *Observation*: describe performance
3. *Evaluate*: compare observed movement to ideal movement
4. *Treat*: provide interventions to correct or improve movement
Define the *impairment framework* versus the *diagnostic framework* of pathologic gait - ANS
✔-*Impairment framework*: identifies impairments in the gait pattern
-*Diagnostic framework*: identifies changes in the gait pattern that are common to a particular
diagnosis
Define *spasticity*. Which populations experience spasticity? When is spasticity apparent in gait
pattern? - ANS ✔-Velocity-dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch; results in
excessive activation of muscles when they are quickly lengthened
-Common in: CP, CVA, TBI, MS
-Gait pattern impairments apparent when spastic muscle is being lengthened rapidly
Describe the compensated trendelenburg gait that occurs with hip pain - ANS ✔-Compensated
trendelenburg gait shifts GRFV *through* the painful hip joint to *stabilize* the joint and
*decrease* torque
-Without compensation, aBductor muscles have to contract against aDuction moment, which
causes *compression* at hip joint
___% of people with Parkinson's disease have difficulty walking within 3 years of diagnosis - ANS
✔*85%* of people with Parkinson's disease have difficulty walking within 3 years of diagnosis
___% of people with MS experience mobility problems - ANS ✔*75%* of people with MS
experience mobility problems
___% of people who have strokes regain community mobility - ANS ✔*50%* of people who have
strokes regain community mobility
Define *gait* versus *walking* versus *mobility* - ANS ✔-*Gait*: pattern of movement of the
limbs during locomotion
-*Walking*: one form of locomotion
-*Mobility*: ability to safely and independently move from one point to another
List 3 dimensions of the neural control of walking - ANS ✔1. *Sensory*: afferent input
2. *Spinal cord*: central pattern generators
3. *Supraspinal*: cortical systems for complex navigation (obsticles, etc.) to adapt gait pattern
Define and describe the function of *central pattern generators (CPG)* - ANS ✔-*CPG* =
network of neurons and inter-neurons in spinal cord
-Generate coordinated movements autonomously
-Modified by ascending and descending signals from cortex and the periphery
Name two *ascending sensory inputs* that influence the stance-to-swing transition - ANS ✔-Hip
,extension
-Unloading of ankle PFs
The same ascending sensory input can modify gait responses to stimuli in (the same/different)
ways - ANS ✔The same ascending sensory input can modify gait responses to stimuli in
*different* ways
Describe the *reactive control* to an obstacle encountered EARLY during swing phase - ANS
✔-"Elevating strategy"
-Flexion of swing limb to clear obstacle
-Extension of stance leg to prolong stance
Describe the *reactive control* to an obstacle encountered LATE during swing phase - ANS
✔-"Extension strategy"
-Extension of swing limb to lower leg
-Flexion during opposite leg's swing phase to clear obstacle
What are the two greatest requirements during gait in terms of body function? - ANS ✔-
PROGRESSION: Moving forward
-STABILITY: Staying upright
Describe the two major domains of the proactive control during walking - ANS ✔*Sensory*
-Vision: avoidance & accommodation
*Cognitive*
-Piloting/navigating
-Anticipation
-Attention
, Name the three brainstem locomotor regions and their functions during gait - ANS ✔-
*Mesencephalic*: gait initiation, speed of locomotion
-*Pontine*: control of postural tone
-*Subthalamic*: obstacle avoidance
Name the two major subcortical regions and their function during gait - ANS ✔*Cerebellum*
-Coordination of gait pattern
-Online error correction
-Motor learning and adaptation
*Basal Ganglia*
-Projections to brainstem
-Automaticity of walking
Describe the 4 components of observational movement analysis - ANS ✔1. *Description*: what
does efficient gait look like
2. *Observation*: describe performance
3. *Evaluate*: compare observed movement to ideal movement
4. *Treat*: provide interventions to correct or improve movement
Define the *impairment framework* versus the *diagnostic framework* of pathologic gait - ANS
✔-*Impairment framework*: identifies impairments in the gait pattern
-*Diagnostic framework*: identifies changes in the gait pattern that are common to a particular
diagnosis
Define *spasticity*. Which populations experience spasticity? When is spasticity apparent in gait
pattern? - ANS ✔-Velocity-dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch; results in
excessive activation of muscles when they are quickly lengthened
-Common in: CP, CVA, TBI, MS
-Gait pattern impairments apparent when spastic muscle is being lengthened rapidly
