1
, 3. Bond with caregiver
4.Self-soothe
Normal VS. Abnormal Findings and Interpretation
-Mood disorders: compulsions, obsessions, phobias, and anxieties
-Lethargic: drowsy, but open their eyes and look at you, respond to questions, and then
fall asleep.
-Obtunded: open their eyes and look at you, but respond slowly and are somewhat
confused.
-Agitated depression: crying, pacing, and hand-wringing
-Depression: the hopeless slumped posture and slowed movements.
-Grooming and personal hygiene may deteriorate: Depression, schizophrenia, and
dementia
-Manic Episode: the agitated and expansive movement of a manic episode
-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Excessive fastidiousness
-Lesion parietal cortex: one side neglect in the opposite parietal cortex, usually in the
nondominant side
-Parkinsonism: facial immobility
-Paranoia: anger, hostility, suspiciousness, or evasiveness
-Mania: Elation and euphoria
-Schizophrenia: flat affect and remoteness
-Apathy (dull affect with detachment and indifference): dementia, anxiety, and depression
-Hallucination: schizophrenia, alcohol withdrawal, and systemic toxicity
-Amnestic Disorders: impaired memory or new learning ability and reduce social or
occupational functioning, but lack the global features of delirium and or dementia.
Anxiety and depression, and intellectual disability may also cause recent memory
impairment.
-Calculating ability: poor performance = dementia or aphasia
,-Variations and abnormalities in thought processes:
1.Circumstantiality: The mildest thought disorder, consisting of speech with
unnecessary detail, indirections, and delay in reaching the point. Some topics may have
a meaningful connection
-Occurs in people with obsessions
2. Derailment: Tangential, speech with shifting from topics that are loosely connected or
unrelated. The patient is unaware of the lack of association
-Schizophrenia, manic episodes, and other psychotic disorders
3.Flight of ideas, an almost continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes
from one topic to the next. Changes are based on understandable associations, play on
words, or distracting stimuli, but ideas are not well connected.
-Manic episodes
4.Neologisms: invented or distorted words, or words with new and highly idiosyncratic
meanings
-Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, and aphasia
5.Incoherence: Speech that is incomprehensible and illogical, with lack of meaningful
connections, abrupt changes in topic, or disordered grammar or word use. Flight of
ideas, when severe, may produce incoherence
-Schizophrenia
6.Blocking: Sudden interruption of speech in mid sentence or before the idea is
completed ―losing the thought‖
-Schizophrenia
7.Confabulation: Fabrication of facts or events, to fill in the gaps from impaired memory
-Korsakoff syndrome from alcoholism
8.Perseveration: persistent repetition of words or ideas
-Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders
9. Echolalia: Repetition of the words and phrases of others
-Manic episodes or Schizo
10.Clanging: Speech with choice of words based on sound, rather than meaning, as in
rhyming and punning. Example: ―look at my eyes and nose, wise eyes and rosy nose. To
to one, the ayes have it!‖
-Schizo and manic episodes
Abnormalities of Perception
, 1. Illusions: misinterpretations of real external stimuli, such as mistaking rustling leaves
for the sounds of voices
-Grief, delirium, PTSD, Schizo
2.Hallucinations: Perception-like experiences that seem real but, unlike illusions, lack
actual external stimulation. The person may or may not recognize the experiences as
false. May be auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or somatic.
-PTSD, Schizo, delirium, dementia, alcoholism
Abnormalities of Thought Content
1.Compulsions
-repetitive behaviors feel driven to perform in response to an obsession (anxiety
disorders)
2.Obessions
-Recurrent persistent thoughts, images, or urges
3.Phobias
-Persistent irrational thoughts, compelling desire to avoid provoking stimulus
4.Anxieties
5.Feelings of unreality
6.Feelings of Depersonalization
7.Delusions
Erotomanic: the belief that another person is in love with the individual
Somatic: involves body functions
Unspecified: includes delusions of reference without a prominent persecutory or
grandiose component
Speech Patterns
-Slow speech: depression
-Accelerated speech: mania
-Articulation: are the words clear and distinct: does the speech have a nasal quality
-Dysarthria: defective articulation ―slurred speech‖
-Dysphonia: results from impaired volume, quality, or pitch of voice. Difficulty
speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.
-Aphasia: the loss of ability to understand (receptive/Wernicke) or express speech
(expressive/Broco aphasia)
, 3. Bond with caregiver
4.Self-soothe
Normal VS. Abnormal Findings and Interpretation
-Mood disorders: compulsions, obsessions, phobias, and anxieties
-Lethargic: drowsy, but open their eyes and look at you, respond to questions, and then
fall asleep.
-Obtunded: open their eyes and look at you, but respond slowly and are somewhat
confused.
-Agitated depression: crying, pacing, and hand-wringing
-Depression: the hopeless slumped posture and slowed movements.
-Grooming and personal hygiene may deteriorate: Depression, schizophrenia, and
dementia
-Manic Episode: the agitated and expansive movement of a manic episode
-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Excessive fastidiousness
-Lesion parietal cortex: one side neglect in the opposite parietal cortex, usually in the
nondominant side
-Parkinsonism: facial immobility
-Paranoia: anger, hostility, suspiciousness, or evasiveness
-Mania: Elation and euphoria
-Schizophrenia: flat affect and remoteness
-Apathy (dull affect with detachment and indifference): dementia, anxiety, and depression
-Hallucination: schizophrenia, alcohol withdrawal, and systemic toxicity
-Amnestic Disorders: impaired memory or new learning ability and reduce social or
occupational functioning, but lack the global features of delirium and or dementia.
Anxiety and depression, and intellectual disability may also cause recent memory
impairment.
-Calculating ability: poor performance = dementia or aphasia
,-Variations and abnormalities in thought processes:
1.Circumstantiality: The mildest thought disorder, consisting of speech with
unnecessary detail, indirections, and delay in reaching the point. Some topics may have
a meaningful connection
-Occurs in people with obsessions
2. Derailment: Tangential, speech with shifting from topics that are loosely connected or
unrelated. The patient is unaware of the lack of association
-Schizophrenia, manic episodes, and other psychotic disorders
3.Flight of ideas, an almost continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes
from one topic to the next. Changes are based on understandable associations, play on
words, or distracting stimuli, but ideas are not well connected.
-Manic episodes
4.Neologisms: invented or distorted words, or words with new and highly idiosyncratic
meanings
-Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, and aphasia
5.Incoherence: Speech that is incomprehensible and illogical, with lack of meaningful
connections, abrupt changes in topic, or disordered grammar or word use. Flight of
ideas, when severe, may produce incoherence
-Schizophrenia
6.Blocking: Sudden interruption of speech in mid sentence or before the idea is
completed ―losing the thought‖
-Schizophrenia
7.Confabulation: Fabrication of facts or events, to fill in the gaps from impaired memory
-Korsakoff syndrome from alcoholism
8.Perseveration: persistent repetition of words or ideas
-Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders
9. Echolalia: Repetition of the words and phrases of others
-Manic episodes or Schizo
10.Clanging: Speech with choice of words based on sound, rather than meaning, as in
rhyming and punning. Example: ―look at my eyes and nose, wise eyes and rosy nose. To
to one, the ayes have it!‖
-Schizo and manic episodes
Abnormalities of Perception
, 1. Illusions: misinterpretations of real external stimuli, such as mistaking rustling leaves
for the sounds of voices
-Grief, delirium, PTSD, Schizo
2.Hallucinations: Perception-like experiences that seem real but, unlike illusions, lack
actual external stimulation. The person may or may not recognize the experiences as
false. May be auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or somatic.
-PTSD, Schizo, delirium, dementia, alcoholism
Abnormalities of Thought Content
1.Compulsions
-repetitive behaviors feel driven to perform in response to an obsession (anxiety
disorders)
2.Obessions
-Recurrent persistent thoughts, images, or urges
3.Phobias
-Persistent irrational thoughts, compelling desire to avoid provoking stimulus
4.Anxieties
5.Feelings of unreality
6.Feelings of Depersonalization
7.Delusions
Erotomanic: the belief that another person is in love with the individual
Somatic: involves body functions
Unspecified: includes delusions of reference without a prominent persecutory or
grandiose component
Speech Patterns
-Slow speech: depression
-Accelerated speech: mania
-Articulation: are the words clear and distinct: does the speech have a nasal quality
-Dysarthria: defective articulation ―slurred speech‖
-Dysphonia: results from impaired volume, quality, or pitch of voice. Difficulty
speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.
-Aphasia: the loss of ability to understand (receptive/Wernicke) or express speech
(expressive/Broco aphasia)
