1
, Innate immunity (also known as natural or native immunity) is the first line of defense
in the body. It is in place at birth to prevent damages from things in the environment.
Innate immunity is comprised of physical and chemical barriers
Physical barriers include your skin and the cells that you have lining your GI tract and
esophagus
Chemical barriers include things like mucus, tears, saliva, and the normal flora that
lives in our gut and colon
If the natural barriers are breached, the second line of defense is the
Inflammatory response which will cause a rapid activation of many chemical
and cellular mechanisms. Inflammation is usually the first response to any type
of injury. The inflammatory response will protect the body from further injury,
prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing.
Microscopic changes occur within seconds of the injury and include:
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Adherence of WBC’s to the site of injury
Manifestations of the inflammatory response include:
Redness
Heat
Swelling
, Pain
Loss of function
The third line of defense is adaptive immunity (acquired or specific immunity). This
defense is typically slower and targets specific microorganisms for destruction.
Adaptive immunity also has a memory, so that the next time the body is attacked by the
same microorganism, the response will be more rapid.
This is where antigens and antibodies come into play
Antigens are either foreign substances or they can be normally found on the surface of human
cells.
Their main job is to activate the immune system to produce matching antibodies
Antibodies are specific proteins that are produced in response to bind with an antigen
Antibodies are also known as Immunoglobulins, of which there are 5 different types
The most common antibody that forms in the blood is IgG
Antibodies bind to the antigen and destroy it
B Cells and T Cells An important difference between T-cells and B-cells is that B-cells can
connect to antigens right on the surface of the invading virus or bacteria. This is different from
T-cells, which can only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells.
Titer- checking for immunity
, Lab Values for Immune System
Hypersentivities-is an altered or inappropriate immunologic response to an antigen that results
in disease or damage to the individual (this is the actual response to the immune deficiency)
3 types of Hypersentivity
An allergy – which is a hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen, such as medicines,
natural products (pollen, bee stings, mold), or infectious agents
An Autoimmunity – which is a problem with the body’s ability to tolerate or recognize
its own antigens (or self-antigens). Autoimmune diseases occur when the body reacts to
the self-antigens causing the autoantibodies to damage tissue
Alloimmunity – occurs when the immune system of one person produces an
immunologic reaction against tissues of another person. This can be seen in reactions
from transplanted tissue or in the fetus during pregnancy
4 specific mechanism of Hypersentivity
Type 1: is IgE mediated, these are most commonly related to reactions against environmental
antigens and are therefore allergic
Most type 1 reactions are referred to as allergies
The key with Type 1 reactions is the release of histamine, which causes bronchial
constriction, vasodilation, and edema
, Innate immunity (also known as natural or native immunity) is the first line of defense
in the body. It is in place at birth to prevent damages from things in the environment.
Innate immunity is comprised of physical and chemical barriers
Physical barriers include your skin and the cells that you have lining your GI tract and
esophagus
Chemical barriers include things like mucus, tears, saliva, and the normal flora that
lives in our gut and colon
If the natural barriers are breached, the second line of defense is the
Inflammatory response which will cause a rapid activation of many chemical
and cellular mechanisms. Inflammation is usually the first response to any type
of injury. The inflammatory response will protect the body from further injury,
prevent infection of the injured tissue, and promote healing.
Microscopic changes occur within seconds of the injury and include:
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Adherence of WBC’s to the site of injury
Manifestations of the inflammatory response include:
Redness
Heat
Swelling
, Pain
Loss of function
The third line of defense is adaptive immunity (acquired or specific immunity). This
defense is typically slower and targets specific microorganisms for destruction.
Adaptive immunity also has a memory, so that the next time the body is attacked by the
same microorganism, the response will be more rapid.
This is where antigens and antibodies come into play
Antigens are either foreign substances or they can be normally found on the surface of human
cells.
Their main job is to activate the immune system to produce matching antibodies
Antibodies are specific proteins that are produced in response to bind with an antigen
Antibodies are also known as Immunoglobulins, of which there are 5 different types
The most common antibody that forms in the blood is IgG
Antibodies bind to the antigen and destroy it
B Cells and T Cells An important difference between T-cells and B-cells is that B-cells can
connect to antigens right on the surface of the invading virus or bacteria. This is different from
T-cells, which can only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells.
Titer- checking for immunity
, Lab Values for Immune System
Hypersentivities-is an altered or inappropriate immunologic response to an antigen that results
in disease or damage to the individual (this is the actual response to the immune deficiency)
3 types of Hypersentivity
An allergy – which is a hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen, such as medicines,
natural products (pollen, bee stings, mold), or infectious agents
An Autoimmunity – which is a problem with the body’s ability to tolerate or recognize
its own antigens (or self-antigens). Autoimmune diseases occur when the body reacts to
the self-antigens causing the autoantibodies to damage tissue
Alloimmunity – occurs when the immune system of one person produces an
immunologic reaction against tissues of another person. This can be seen in reactions
from transplanted tissue or in the fetus during pregnancy
4 specific mechanism of Hypersentivity
Type 1: is IgE mediated, these are most commonly related to reactions against environmental
antigens and are therefore allergic
Most type 1 reactions are referred to as allergies
The key with Type 1 reactions is the release of histamine, which causes bronchial
constriction, vasodilation, and edema
