ANPH 1001 Chapter 5 Tissues
Classify epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement and give examples. -
ANSW- Shape
Squamous: Cells are flat and slightly irregular in shape, serve as a protective layer.
Cuboidal: Cells look like small cubes. Function can be secretion, protection, or
absorption.
Columnar: Tall and Rectangular looking, often have the nucleus towards the bottom of
the cell. Many are ciliated.
Arrangement
Simple: One cell layer thick.
Stratified: Several Cell layers thick.
Pseudostratified: Appears to consist of several layers due to nuclei variously positioned
in the cell, but really all cells extend from the basement membrane to the outer/free
surface of the cells. Usually seen with Columnar cells.
Transitional Epithelium: Consists of several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily
stretched cells. When surfaces of cells are stretched the cells appear Squamous. When
tissue is relaxed the layers of cells look ragged like saw teeth.
Name the types of glands in the body and give examples. -ANSW- Exocrine Glands:
Simple Exocrine: (have single duct (sweat glands, most glands of digestive tract,
sebaceous glands) Compound Exocrine: (Made of several component lobules with
ducts that join other ducts (branching) Examples: Mammary glands, Large Salivary
Glands)
Endocrine Glands: (Ductless, secrete hormones) Thyroid, Pituitary
Goblet Cells: (Unicellular glands, secrete mucus) Interspaced among the epithelial cells
that make up mucous membranes.
Name the functions of connective tissue. -ANSW- Allows movement, and provides
support for other types of tissue.
Compare epithelial tissue with connective tissue in terms of cell arrangement and
interstitial materials. -ANSW- Intersitial Materials: Epithelial tissue is made of cells
closely packed together with very little intercellular material. Connective tissue's cells
have lots of intercellular material called matrix between them. This matrix is fluid
containing reticular fibers, collagen fibers, fiboblast cells, and elastic fibers. The
amounts of each thing depends on the type of connective tissue.
Arrangement: Epithelial cells are anchored to the basement membrane and have four
arrangements. Simple is one cell layer thick. Stratified is several layers of cells thick.
Pseudostratified looks like it is several layers thick, but all cells extend from the
basement membrane to the outer surface. Transitional is several layers of closely
packed, easily stretched cells. When stretch they look flat, when relaxed they look saw-
,toothed. Connective tissue cells differ on arrangement depending on what connective
tissue it is.
Name the three major types of connective tissue and give examples. -ANSW- Loose
Connective Tissue: It fills spaces between and penetrates into organs. There are three
types: Areolar (the most widely distributed, easily stretched, resists tearing.), Adipose
(fat stored in it's cells), Reticular (forms frameworks).
Dense Connective Tissue: Two Types: Regular (the fibers lined in a specific direction)
which is found in Ligaments, Tendons, and Aponeuroses. As well as Irregular (No
specific alignment of fibers) which is found in muscle sheaths, the dermis layer of skin,
and outer coverings of body tubes like arteries. Joint Capsules and Fascia also have
Dense irregular connective tissue .
Specialized Connective Tissue: A connective tissue that has a specialized function.
Cartilage, Bone, Dentin, Blood, Lymphoid Tissue, RE System, Synovial Membranes.
List the functions of Connective Tissue. -ANSW- 1. Support: Bones support other
tissues of the body. We also find muscle, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and skin. Cartilage
supports our nose and forms most of the ear structure.
2. Nourishment: Blood carries nutrients to the cells in the body. Synovial membranes in
joint capsules nourish the cartilage found on top of bones.
3. Transportation: Blood moves gases, enzymes, and hormones to cells.
4. Connection: Tendons connect muscles to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone.
5. Movement: Muscles through tendons pull on bones, bones move our bodies through
our environment.
6. Protection: Bones protect vital organs, like the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord.
Blood cells, especially white blood cells protect us from foreign microorganisms and
tissue injury.
7. Insulation: Adipose tissue (fat) insulates us from excessive heat loss, and excessive
temperature rises.
8: Storage: Bone stores the mineral salts calcium and phosphorous. Adipose tissue
stores high-energy molecules of fat to be used and converted to adenosine triphosphate
when necessary.
9. Attachment and Separation: Connective tissue attaches skin to underlying muscle, it
also forms layers around and between organs.
List the functions of epithelial tissue. -ANSW- 1. It protects underlying tissues: Our skin
is epithelial tissue. Protects us from harmful sun rays, and certain chemicals. The lining
of the digestive tract is made of epithelial tissue, protects underlying tissue from
abrasion as food moves through the tract.
2. It absorbs: In lining of the small intestine nutrients from our digested food enter blood
capillaries and get carried to the cells of our body.
3. It secretes: All glands are made of epithelial tissue; Endocrine glands secrete
hormones, mucous glands secrete mucus, intestinal tract contains cells that secrete
digestive enzymes as well as the pancreas and liver, that secrete major portions of
digestive enzymes.
4. It excretes: Sweat Glands excrete waste like urea.
, List the three types of muscle and describe each based on structure and function. -
ANSW- Smooth Muscle: Structure: Cells are spindle shaped, unstriated, and
uninucleated. They are arranged in layers around hollow organs with an outer
longitudinal layer, and an inner circular layer. Function: It is Involuntary.They are inside
the walls of hollow organs, and contract to push materials inside the hollow organs in
one direction.
Striated/Skeletal Muscle: Cells are long, thin, multinucleated, and striated. Attatched to
parts of the skeleton by tendons. Function: It is Voluntary. Causes movement of our
body by pulling on bones.
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, under control of autonomic nervous system. Cells are
striated, uninucleated, much shorter than Skeletal or Smooth muscle cells, cylindrical in
shape with branches that connect to other cardiac cells. These branches are connected
by Intercalated Discs. Function: Causes the contraction and beating of the heart, thus
pumping the blood through the body. The interconnected branches guarantee
coordination of the pumping action.
Describe the anatomy of a neuron and the function of nervous tissue. -ANSW- A
Neuron is composed of a Cell Body that contains the Nucleus. Dentins extend from the
Cell body, as well as a long Axon encased in a Myalin Sheath which acts as insulation.
At the end of the Axon are Axon Terminal Branches.
Nervous tissue controls and coordinates The activities of the body.
Three types of loose connective tissue are _________, __________, and __________.
-ANSW- Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
_____________ are cells that form fibrils and are active in the repair of injury. -ANSW-
Fibroblasts
____________ are phagocytic cells that operate outside the vascular system. They are
often fixed and are found in areolar tissue. -ANSW- Histiocytes
___________ cells function in the production of heparin and histamine. -ANSW- Mast
Cells
__________ tissue is loose connective tissue with fat-containing cells. -ANSW-
Adipose
Examples of dense connective tissue having a regular arrangement of fibers are
________, ________ , and ______. -ANSW- Tendons, Ligaments, and Aponeuroses
Examples of dense connective tissue having an irregular arrangement of fibers are
________, ________, _________, and ________ sheaths. -ANSW- Dermis, Outer
Coverings of Body Tubes, Joint Capsules, Fascia, Muscle Sheaths
Classify epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement and give examples. -
ANSW- Shape
Squamous: Cells are flat and slightly irregular in shape, serve as a protective layer.
Cuboidal: Cells look like small cubes. Function can be secretion, protection, or
absorption.
Columnar: Tall and Rectangular looking, often have the nucleus towards the bottom of
the cell. Many are ciliated.
Arrangement
Simple: One cell layer thick.
Stratified: Several Cell layers thick.
Pseudostratified: Appears to consist of several layers due to nuclei variously positioned
in the cell, but really all cells extend from the basement membrane to the outer/free
surface of the cells. Usually seen with Columnar cells.
Transitional Epithelium: Consists of several layers of closely packed, flexible, easily
stretched cells. When surfaces of cells are stretched the cells appear Squamous. When
tissue is relaxed the layers of cells look ragged like saw teeth.
Name the types of glands in the body and give examples. -ANSW- Exocrine Glands:
Simple Exocrine: (have single duct (sweat glands, most glands of digestive tract,
sebaceous glands) Compound Exocrine: (Made of several component lobules with
ducts that join other ducts (branching) Examples: Mammary glands, Large Salivary
Glands)
Endocrine Glands: (Ductless, secrete hormones) Thyroid, Pituitary
Goblet Cells: (Unicellular glands, secrete mucus) Interspaced among the epithelial cells
that make up mucous membranes.
Name the functions of connective tissue. -ANSW- Allows movement, and provides
support for other types of tissue.
Compare epithelial tissue with connective tissue in terms of cell arrangement and
interstitial materials. -ANSW- Intersitial Materials: Epithelial tissue is made of cells
closely packed together with very little intercellular material. Connective tissue's cells
have lots of intercellular material called matrix between them. This matrix is fluid
containing reticular fibers, collagen fibers, fiboblast cells, and elastic fibers. The
amounts of each thing depends on the type of connective tissue.
Arrangement: Epithelial cells are anchored to the basement membrane and have four
arrangements. Simple is one cell layer thick. Stratified is several layers of cells thick.
Pseudostratified looks like it is several layers thick, but all cells extend from the
basement membrane to the outer surface. Transitional is several layers of closely
packed, easily stretched cells. When stretch they look flat, when relaxed they look saw-
,toothed. Connective tissue cells differ on arrangement depending on what connective
tissue it is.
Name the three major types of connective tissue and give examples. -ANSW- Loose
Connective Tissue: It fills spaces between and penetrates into organs. There are three
types: Areolar (the most widely distributed, easily stretched, resists tearing.), Adipose
(fat stored in it's cells), Reticular (forms frameworks).
Dense Connective Tissue: Two Types: Regular (the fibers lined in a specific direction)
which is found in Ligaments, Tendons, and Aponeuroses. As well as Irregular (No
specific alignment of fibers) which is found in muscle sheaths, the dermis layer of skin,
and outer coverings of body tubes like arteries. Joint Capsules and Fascia also have
Dense irregular connective tissue .
Specialized Connective Tissue: A connective tissue that has a specialized function.
Cartilage, Bone, Dentin, Blood, Lymphoid Tissue, RE System, Synovial Membranes.
List the functions of Connective Tissue. -ANSW- 1. Support: Bones support other
tissues of the body. We also find muscle, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and skin. Cartilage
supports our nose and forms most of the ear structure.
2. Nourishment: Blood carries nutrients to the cells in the body. Synovial membranes in
joint capsules nourish the cartilage found on top of bones.
3. Transportation: Blood moves gases, enzymes, and hormones to cells.
4. Connection: Tendons connect muscles to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone.
5. Movement: Muscles through tendons pull on bones, bones move our bodies through
our environment.
6. Protection: Bones protect vital organs, like the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord.
Blood cells, especially white blood cells protect us from foreign microorganisms and
tissue injury.
7. Insulation: Adipose tissue (fat) insulates us from excessive heat loss, and excessive
temperature rises.
8: Storage: Bone stores the mineral salts calcium and phosphorous. Adipose tissue
stores high-energy molecules of fat to be used and converted to adenosine triphosphate
when necessary.
9. Attachment and Separation: Connective tissue attaches skin to underlying muscle, it
also forms layers around and between organs.
List the functions of epithelial tissue. -ANSW- 1. It protects underlying tissues: Our skin
is epithelial tissue. Protects us from harmful sun rays, and certain chemicals. The lining
of the digestive tract is made of epithelial tissue, protects underlying tissue from
abrasion as food moves through the tract.
2. It absorbs: In lining of the small intestine nutrients from our digested food enter blood
capillaries and get carried to the cells of our body.
3. It secretes: All glands are made of epithelial tissue; Endocrine glands secrete
hormones, mucous glands secrete mucus, intestinal tract contains cells that secrete
digestive enzymes as well as the pancreas and liver, that secrete major portions of
digestive enzymes.
4. It excretes: Sweat Glands excrete waste like urea.
, List the three types of muscle and describe each based on structure and function. -
ANSW- Smooth Muscle: Structure: Cells are spindle shaped, unstriated, and
uninucleated. They are arranged in layers around hollow organs with an outer
longitudinal layer, and an inner circular layer. Function: It is Involuntary.They are inside
the walls of hollow organs, and contract to push materials inside the hollow organs in
one direction.
Striated/Skeletal Muscle: Cells are long, thin, multinucleated, and striated. Attatched to
parts of the skeleton by tendons. Function: It is Voluntary. Causes movement of our
body by pulling on bones.
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, under control of autonomic nervous system. Cells are
striated, uninucleated, much shorter than Skeletal or Smooth muscle cells, cylindrical in
shape with branches that connect to other cardiac cells. These branches are connected
by Intercalated Discs. Function: Causes the contraction and beating of the heart, thus
pumping the blood through the body. The interconnected branches guarantee
coordination of the pumping action.
Describe the anatomy of a neuron and the function of nervous tissue. -ANSW- A
Neuron is composed of a Cell Body that contains the Nucleus. Dentins extend from the
Cell body, as well as a long Axon encased in a Myalin Sheath which acts as insulation.
At the end of the Axon are Axon Terminal Branches.
Nervous tissue controls and coordinates The activities of the body.
Three types of loose connective tissue are _________, __________, and __________.
-ANSW- Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
_____________ are cells that form fibrils and are active in the repair of injury. -ANSW-
Fibroblasts
____________ are phagocytic cells that operate outside the vascular system. They are
often fixed and are found in areolar tissue. -ANSW- Histiocytes
___________ cells function in the production of heparin and histamine. -ANSW- Mast
Cells
__________ tissue is loose connective tissue with fat-containing cells. -ANSW-
Adipose
Examples of dense connective tissue having a regular arrangement of fibers are
________, ________ , and ______. -ANSW- Tendons, Ligaments, and Aponeuroses
Examples of dense connective tissue having an irregular arrangement of fibers are
________, ________, _________, and ________ sheaths. -ANSW- Dermis, Outer
Coverings of Body Tubes, Joint Capsules, Fascia, Muscle Sheaths
